Comparing Marting Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau Essay

Comparing Marting Luther King younger and Henry David ThoreauMartin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau were both people who were sent to prison for defying laws that they believed were unjust towards society. These two men were very different people but were very much the same. individually had his own theories and reasoning behind their acts, but their goals were always the same. Each man believed in standing up in what they believed in no matter what the repercussions.In Martin Luther Kings letter he says and believes that everyone, no matter where they live are together in one community. You cant say that what ever happens in Atlanta does not arrogate you in Birmingham. If there is an injustice in Atlanta it affects you in Birmingham and is a threat everywhere no matter who you are. If you live in the U.S. you are neer considered an outsider. King also believes that no one is weak and unimportant and that everyone has a role in the community. No matter how small of a job h e has, if he doesnt perform his obligations the community c...

Obesity and the American Disabilities Act :: Obesity and the ADA of 1990

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) bans discrimination based on disability. It provides individuals with disabilities civil rights protections like those provided to individuals on the ass of race, sex, national origin and religion (Mathias, 2003). The ADA defines disability as a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major(ip) life activities and will not consider obese individuals as disabled unless the weight limits a major life activity. Federal courts yield ruled that ghoulish obesity falls under the category of medical conditions which limit one or more life activities (Garcia, n.d). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 established basic federal official laws on employment discrimination. It does not identify weight as a protected characteristic, and as a result, does not provide protection for obese individuals who have been discriminated against by potential or current employers. Obesity is now being called an epidemic affecting millions of individuals in the United States. The Equal Employment Opportunity charge (EEOC) has taken the position that morbid obesity, even if voluntary, can be a protected disability under the ADA. Obesity-related health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure are considered disabilities based on the ADA. The article on obesity in the workplace tells the story of Joseph OConnor. Mr. OConnor sued McDonalds for discriminating against him in colza of the ADA. He alleged that McDonalds refused to hire him as a cook because of his obesity. Mr. OConnor claimed his obesity was a disability and McDonalds discriminated against him because of this disability. McDonalds sought to drip the case, stating Mr. OConnor was not disabled within the meaning of the ADA. The federal court, however, refused to dismiss the lawsuit. The court held that OConnor must be given the chance to prove that he is protected under the law (Garcia, n.d.).The challenge in dealing with the controversy, of di scrimination and disability, surrounding obesity must involve the legal and medical communities.

Eric Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Essay -- Erikson’s Ei

According to Eric Erikson, there are eight different social stages a psyche must go through as they mature. Each stage has a positive characteristic and a negative characteristic. If positive characteristics are fulfilled accordingly their future will look good. So to what extent can the lack of reinforcement to the positive characteristics of Eriksons psychosocial stages of development effect you? The effects can be quite horrifying. Especially if all of the stages the only characteristics fulfilled are the negative aspects.Eriksons first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurred from zero to 18 months of age. The story of this stage is to establish trust. Erikson believed this was the most important period in a persons life. Since a baby depends entirely on his/her parents, the care better-looking plays an important role in the shaping of this stage (Cherry, 2011). If the child successfully develops trust then the child will line up safe and secure in the world, but the lack can allow to thoughts of an inconsistent and unpredictable world (Cherry, 2011). In the business world, the lack of trust can create a exclusively new problem. The lack of trust can lead to the unseen cost in life and business as said by Stephen Covey (2006). lose of trust creates hidden agendas and a guarded communication, which slows the decision-making process (Covey, 2006). When there isnt trust in a situation, it hinders productivity, innovation (Covey, 2006).The second stage is autonomy verses disconcert and doubt. This occurs from about 18 months of age to 3 years old. The basic virtue of this stage is will can they do things on their own or do they require the help of others? Erikson believed that children around this age wanted to develop a greater sense... ...r past with little or no regrets and will be satisfied overall. If a person is unsuccessful in this phase they will feel that they wasted their life and they will only think of regrets. They will feel despai r (Cherry, 2011).Eriksons stages of psychosocial development were complex, but simple. It is something everyone will go through and experiences will always be different. The lack of reinforcement to the positive aspects of his stages can lead to quite a disaster. Surprisingly, previous stages are highly influential to the proceeding stage. The lack of reinforcement to the positive aspects of his psychosocial stages can have a very scourge effect on a person. This is because the effects built up rather than taking the place of one another. The effects are quite horrifying, but with the veracious environment, experiences and beliefs, everything can go well.

The Fruitless Search Exposed in Camus’ The Plague Essay -- Camus Plagu

The Fruitless Search Exposed in Camus The Plague Amid the feverish horror of rampant sickness and death, The Plague is a parable of gentleman remoteness and the struggle to share existence. In studying the relationships which Camus sets forth, the relationship amid man and loer, mother and son, healer and diseased, it can be seen that the only relationship Camus describes is that between the deportd, and the kingdom for which he searches with tortured longing. Thus the first thing that plague brought to our town was exile.(p.71). The first exile Camus writes is the physical exile of a diseased town from the world, and consequently, the exile of the towns people from the kingdom of everyday. The particular torture of this exile is memory once expelled from a kingdom, the kingdom ceases to exist, living on only as a memory that serves no purpose... has a savor only of regret.(p.73). Thus the townspeople are haunted by memories of their distant loved ones and their interrupted lives , creating islands of their own exile- an exile intensified by years of monotonous selfish habit. The truth is that everyone is bored, and devotes himself to cultivating habits.(p.4). The pea-counter is the ultimate representation of this exile he is completely removed from the reality of man, measuring his manners in the perpetual repetition of an absurd activity. Through the character of Rambert, Camus defines plague as precisely this selfish exile of habit, this doing ...the same thing over and over and over again...(p.161). Exile is further compounded by the desperation with which many of the characters fling themselves into the quest of trying to regain their personal remembered kingdoms. Rambert the visiting journalist is the ... ...he ref that Rieux is Camus hero. It is precisely this sense of common decency which sets him apart, renders him uncommon in a town of men exiled from eachother by selfishness. Rieux is not searching for anything, he is merely doing what has to b e through with(p) to fight the plague. His will to see man healed has freed him from his own search, and thus from exile no longer in exile, Rieux has found eternal kingdom. For Camus tells us on that point is no kingdom but present humanity, though we spend lifetimes searching in isolation for assurance in a future or a past. And there is no exile except that which the selfish man imposes on himself. It is by giving up the fruitless search for the non-existent that man can in conclusion free himself from exile, and gain the eternal kingdom of present. Works CitedCamus, Albert. The Plague. New York Vintage International, 1995.

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and State :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and StateWhen the original amendment was written it said Congress shall make no law respecting and establishment or religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof This was written because the States didnt want a mandatory religious system like that of England. American people didnt want freedom from religion they simply treasured freedom of religion. Even the men who wrote the constitution believed that God could do much more than man, therefore they used the Bible to help form the government. Our constitution has been amend and changed driven by the effects of modern controversies. The founding fathers did not intend to create a Christian nation. The Christian cross and American flag were displayed in public places with hardly any voice of dissent. Jefferson felt that he did not have the constitutional authority to lead the people in act of prayer. at a lower place the strong influence of Virginia, southern states decided to re write their constitution and disestablish all Churches. The constitution was then rewritten with Gods name removed. The issue whether or not church and state should be separate didnt evolve until the 19th century, and today it is hot topic among both separationists and accommodationists alike. Separationists are the people who free energy separation of church Separationists feel that neither state nor the federal government can set up churches / aid religion there should be absolutely no governmental financial support of religious activity/displays, any praying in public educate / teaching of evolution. On the opposing side, accommodationists oppose separation amidst church and state, interpreting the first amendment exactly as it is stated. No where in the first amendment does it say separation of church and state . Accommodationists support government funding of religious schools / organization, they support government organized (non denominational) prayers, and the funding of religious displays. Religions place in schools has always been scrutinized. In 1954 under God was placed in the stipulation of allegiance. Since then, regulations have severely changed. invocation in schools has been deemed unconstitutional. Instead, schools allow a moment of silence as long as no religious intent is applied. Prayer is allowed in schools as long as students initiate and control the religious meetings. In Doe vs. Santa Fe, during a school football game over the school PA system, a prayer was announced. The school claimed prayer promotes good sportsmanship and student safety, and to establish the appropriate environment for the competition.

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and State :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and StateWhen the first amendment was written it said Congress shall make no law respecting and establishment or religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof This was written because America didnt want a mandatory spectral system like that of England. American people didnt want freedom from religion they simply wanted freedom of religion. Even the men who wrote the constitution believed that divinity fudge could do much more than man, therefore they used the Bible to help form the government. Our constitution has been amended and changed driven by the effects of modern controversies. The inception fathers did not intend to create a Christian nation. The Christian cross and American flag were displayed in public places with hardly any voice of dissent. Jefferson entangle that he did not have the constitutional authority to lead the people in act of prayer. Under the strong influence of Virginia, southern raises decided to r evision their constitution and disestablish all Churches. The constitution was then rewritten with Gods name removed. The issue whether or not church and state should be furcate didnt evolve until the 19th century, and today it is hot topic among both separationists and accommodationists alike. Separationists are the people who push separation of church Separationists feel that neither state nor the federal government can set up churches / aid religion there should be absolutely no governmental reinforcement of religious occupation/displays, any praying in public school / teaching of evolution. On the opposing side, accommodationists oppose separation between church and state, interpreting the first amendment exactly as it is stated. No where in the first amendment does it say separation of church and state . Accommodationists support government funding of religious schools / organization, they support government organized (non denominational) prayers, and the funding of religiou s displays. Religions place in schools has always been scrutinized. In 1954 under God was placed in the pledge of allegiance. Since then, regulations have severely changed. Prayer in schools has been deemed unconstitutional. Instead, schools suspend a moment of silence as long as no religious intent is applied. Prayer is allowed in schools as long as students instruct and control the religious meetings. In Doe vs. Santa Fe, during a school football game over the school PA system, a prayer was announced. The school claimed prayer promotes good sportsmanship and student safety, and to establish the appropriate environment for the competition.

Valuing Wal-Mart

Assessment of Wal-Mart military rank using different methods To test the assumption of a discount rate of 7% as tending(p) in the system of the case, we calculated the involve rate of return for the Wal-Mart gillyf abase using CAPM . Using rWalMart = Rf + ? WalMart E(RM) RF, we find the required rate of return to be 7. 01% and in berth with the information given in the case outline. Perpetual dividend developing pattern The standard method of calculating a linage set using the unvarying dividend suppuration model is done by assessing a comp anys dividend one year into the future tense adding the future expected growth rate.The Cardiovascular SystemThe jurisprudence is written as P0 = D1/(Ke ? g), where Ke is the investor required return, D1 is next years dividend and g is the expected growth rate of the dividend. The standard method can notwithstanding be rearranged if the company analyzed is consider in lulu secern. A even state implies that the annual return on beauteousness equals the cost of equity capital providing the rational that the dividend payout ratio is the sole determinant of the dividend growth. It requires some complexity to determine if a company has reached steady state.To investigate and analyze if Wal-Mart is in steady state, we would employ the following definition Steady state care for = free cash flow / discount rate . After careful consideration we realise reached the conclusion that we find it evenhandedly and realistic to label Wal-Mart as such. This is further underlined by the maturity and stable performance of the company, which is illustrated in the stable revenue growth ( viewing 1), stable financial market job selective information and relative stable dividend distribution (exhibit 3).Further, we are comfortable using the simplified steady state formula given the foreseeable forecasting extremity as we are only forecasting the stock price a few years in the future and non conduction long-term multiyear forecasting where the underlying assumptions of the model and the competitive landscape can dramatically change. We find evidence that the forecast period is immanent in the selection of method in the INSEAD article Selecting an accounting-based Valuation Model of May 2011. If we were to forecast long-term price levels, we would opt for the conventional formula of P0 = D1/(Ke-g).Given the steady state nature of Wal-Mart we engage the adjusted dividend growth model of P0 = (E1 ? p)/ (Ke ? g), where g = (1-p)*Ke and where E1 is the shekels 1 year into the future and p is the payout ratio or the theatrical role of earnings paid in dividends. Using this method, P0 = (E1 ? p)/ (Ke ((1-p)* Ke)), we imagine the stock price to be $58. 56 . For reference and to support validation to our estimates, we have in increase estimated the stock price using the conventional dividend discount model of P0= (D1/(Ke-g). Using the conventional model we estimate the stock price to be $59. 8. We co nclude that the estimated price of the stock is higher than the current market price of $53. 48 , which means we regard there is unrealized intrinsic value, hence the stock is undervalued and should we be analyzing the stock on this basis only, our exhortation would therefore be buy. Forecasted Dividend for the next 3 years plus future sale of the stock Instead of valuing the stock with unlimited dividend approach, we use a set number of years (3) plus we included the value of selling the stock after the set number of years.The selling of the stock is represented in the model as a terminal value. The terminal value is the value of the companys expected cash-flow beyond the forecast period. We estimate the terminal value by using the perpetuity method mentioned above and be employing the formula of Terminal Value (TV) = FCFt+1 / WACC . We used the approximation that WACC equals the required rate of return as found using CAPM (7. 01%, appendix 1). This also corresponds with the giv en discount rate of 7%.As we are asked to find to price by forecasting dividends for the next three years plus the selling of the stock after year three, we have extrapolate our findings from the perpetuity method using the earnings per share with the given earnings per share growth and the required rate of return. By calculating the dividend per share until D=3 and employing P0 = D1/(1+Ke)1 + D2/(1+Ke)2 + D3/(1+Ke)3+TV/(1+Ke)3, where TV is the terminal value we calculate the present day intrinsic value of the Wal-Mart stock to be $62. 15 hence the market value is consider low compared to our forecasted value.This method replicates the basic foundation of the Discount Cash flow Model (DCF), which in our opinion is the preferred method in military rating studies. Three-Stage Approach There are no questions about this approach in the outline of the assignment, so the following comments should be considered back of an envelope considerations. In command the three-stage approach allows us to add complexity to the standard dividend discount models by enabling changing growth scenarios throughout the forecasting period an initial period of higher than normal growth, a transition/consolidation period of declining growth and final a period of stable growth.The main assumptions are that the company on which we conduct the calculation study before long is in extraordinary strong growth phase. The time period with the extraordinary strong growth must be strictly defined and eventually be replaced with the declining growth assumption. Lastly, Capital Expenditures and Depreciation are expected to grow at the same rate as revenues. . Analyzing exhibit 4 we see a theoretical stock price of $120. 37. Using the excel template and by entering the calculated discount rate and the selective information given in the case, we find the theoretic value to be $95. 68.We recognize the calculated theoretical value is grand higher than the market value of the Wal-Mart stock, which cou ld provide a strong indication for investing. However, we also recognize the weakness of the three-stage model thus we are careful to draw too decisive conclusion. We are particularly concerned about the sensitivity and impact on the end theoretical price when making just circumferenceal changes in the input factor. Valuation models in general are sensitive to the input factors, but we believe the extra complexity in the three-stage model amplifies even small forecast errors.We understand that the three-stage model can be very useful for companies approaching the transition phase between growth phase and consolidation, but Wal-Mart does in our opinion not complete this characteristic. Thus, leading us to conclude the three-stage model isnt particularly applicable to valuation studies of Wal-Mart. Price/Earnings multiple approach The debate on whether to use trailing or projected price/earnings multiple is ongoing. We have found evidence in literature that there is no clear appre ciation on which method to use as both have advantages and disadvantages .We have no strong view or preference generally speaking, but in the case of Wal-Mart we believe there is a case for use trialing data rather than projected data. For reference we have calculated both using P0 = EPS * P/E . We see the range of estimates is very wide, which is due to the sensitivity of the input factors i. e. even small changes in the P/E-data will have significant square up on the estimated value at P0. We prefer to use the P/E multiple to assess how Wal-Mart is perceived and valuated against peers. In addition we use S&P500 as reference index and benchmark.Using the data in exhibit 6, we have identified Wal-mart, Target, The Gap and Costco to be peers. We have concluded this after examining key financial data of all the companies provided in the exhibit. We realize that Wal-Mart is not directly comparable with the peers mentioned given the much larger market capitalization and turn-over, but knowing this a equality study still adds value in our opinion. Detailed data of the comparison is brought in appendix 5. Looking at the graphical representation we see a clear trend in the peer group of declining P/E-ratios.The trend is confirmed by further lower P/E-projections for the coming year. We are not overly concerned with the declining P/E ratios as it seems to be an industry wide trend and not isolated to Wal-Mart. Hence when assessing relative attractiveness of the securities industry industry players, we do not see Wal-Mart having worse financial performance than the peers. As argued in the beginning of this paper in the section when discussing the steady state phase of Wal-Mart, we believe we can make a rough estimation of whether the P/E-ratio reflects a fair value of the stock or not. The method e employ is a rewritten method of the DDM. By arguing steady state we can also defend arguing Wal-Mart to be a zero growth company by assuming the company pays out all of it s earnings in dividends. As we know from the data provided, this is not entirely reflecting the real scenario, however we still believe it adds value to the overall assessment of the value of the Wal-Mart stock. The rule of thumb argues that the P/E-ratio using the zero growth company assumption is fair when it equals the 1/r, where r is the discount rate meaning when Projected P/E = 1/r the P/E ratio is fair and reflects a fair value of the company.Based on the research in this section we have found no red flags in the financial performance or when analyzing with peers. The historical P/E-ratio of Wal-Mart has been higher than the industry average so the decline over the time period can at first glance look dramatic. However, we believe the declining P/E-ratio is an industry wide tendency and not isolated to Wal-Mart. Further, given the strong P/E-growth in the early part of the data sample the Wal-Mart P/E-ratio is also subject to a strong base effect.When applying the zero growt h company fair value estimates, we see the projections made by the analysts are lower than the 1/r which we for this purpose consider a fair P/E, which can be seen as a supportive factor for the overall valuation of the Wal-Mart stock. Conclusion and recommendation As indicated in the text above we have the most confidence in the first two methods in the paper. Taking a simple average of our findings we estimate the Wal-Mart stock price or fair value to be $60. 16 (58. 56 59. 78 62. 5), which is higher than the current stock price of $53. 48 hence we believe the Wal-Mart stock is $6. 68 or 12. 49% undervalued. Further, we find our estimates to be in line with the general analyst consensus commit price of $60. 50. Given our findings and research we will recommend Gupta to buy the Wal-Mart stock. However, we recommend Gupta to employ a margin of safety. We recognize that our calculated price estimates have considerable projection risk given the future value is calculated based on e stimates.It is out of scope for this paper to evaluate the quality of the projections and forecasts, so we recommend Gupta to be conservative in communicating the price target. We suggest communicating the buy recommendation with an initial price target of $57. 75, which is +8% from the current market price. When the $57. 75 price is achieved we recommend running the models again to get validation on the $60. 16 price target. We recommend this step-by-step approach as margin of safety for projection inaccuracies. Given the time and year of the research done, we find further evidence that employing a margin of safety is a solid strategy.This is specially due to the distressed situation of the financial markets after the collapse of the financial system starting in 2008. Given the unusual market situation any investments in stock or other financial instruments are subject to considerable risk from external factors, hereunder risk appetite, liquidity and macroeconomic developments, wh ich currently are not properly factored in our price estimates. However, we are encouraged to invest in Wal-Mart given the defensive characteristics of the stock compared to the S&P500 benchmark given ?

How I will achieve academic and personal success at Eastern

I define college as a key to my future its more than just a school, notwithstanding a way of life. The chance one takes in succeeding in the world now is fiercer than ever. The surreal life that some one could ever hope for would be to become rich and famous in Beverly Hills. In all truth I dont want to be like eitherbody else, I am my own somebody in my little world. I wish for that world of mine to expand and reach out for everyone to reckon how important a college education is. Without education in that location is no knowledge of what is there and not there. No understanding of the truth, and reality the world has to offer.My world may not be as big in all reality but what I dream of is bigger than all the galaxies combined. The one dream Ive had since I was a little girl is to go onward to college, and make my academic life explode. To go far beyond the depths of Schaumburg and really get to know all that Eastern has to offer in Graphic Design. I aim always had a passion a bout wile I like to create my own ideas more often than duplicating projects that have already been done. Art is like English, there is no plagiarizing other authors books, yet we still read them and write essays interpreting the meaning of their work. There is no shortcut through life, but always a back way in which there is no end.Ive learned that I can precisely progress from practice. I really havent taken all the courses that my past schools have offered in Art. I was hoping that Eastern would divulge me that opportunity to progress in my drawing and design. I love to draw, take photographs, and write. I am not a professional drawer, just a miner doodler. I take pictures of beautiful scenes because I like to and want to remember every lovely moment I live through.I cannot write novels, they boar me to sleep, I can write imaginary tales of whatever I choose. I am a very creative person and would love to express my creative thoughts with the world. I want to achieve my goals into life, and also never let myself down. By abject away from my family, and living on my own, I shall experience what college has to offer. Currently I am still living at home at my part-time job. I have a normal routine and normal life. I want to live on my own and start my life.There is not end to ones achievement, and I am only beginning. I want a crazy busy world thats full of excitement. After college I want to travel the world and see what really exceeds the United States. Im not going to throw away my goals locked away behind a desk where I am nowhere to be heard. I have to be out there moving, inventing, and learning from other artists even after college is over. My ticket to start my journey would be this school. I am a abundant perfectionist when it comes down to anything, I will try until I get into this school. I never give up on life and thats why Eastern shouldnt give up on me. I will work hard and succeed to be the best at what I do. Truly After all you only live once, but try to live twice.

A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay

This literature position is to supply a basic cognition about tools and techniques application for projection in pulpation advocate in menstruation create patterns. This paper lead show a better understanding about current tools and techniques for in pution direction in undertaking, particularly Constructing Information manakin and 4D Modelling in expression use.First, the traditional selective information direction processing should be introduce and with their possible jobs and containion. Second, this paper will show the existing tools and techniques which atomic number 18 applied in create undertaking information direction. Further more, this literature position will concentrate on Building Information Modelling and 4D Modelling in undertaking information direction with its benefits and its barriers. In add-on, to place which tool or techniques atomic number 18 suited for little, medium and big structure undertaking based on comparing of these tools and techniques. F inally, based on Chinese building contents, to place which tools and techniques are appropriate applied in mainland China.2. Undertaking INFORMATION MANAGEMENYUndertaking Information direction ( PIM ) wad be defined as a system for aggregation, co-ordinate, managing, storage and disseminate of building undertakings information ( Winch, 2002, pp.339-341 Lester, 2007 ) . The cardinal rules of PIM is that based on specific information to rise communicating and to guarantee accurate and current undertaking information is available at the right clip in the right format to the right individual. The benefits of information direction a improve efficiency, effectivity and cut down hazard eventuality in the unhurt undertaking procedure.2.1 Undertaking Information FlowUndertaking information relates to the undertaking life rhythm, involves undertaking briefing phase, role phase, be aftering phase and executing phase ( Winch, 2002, pp.186-188 ) .The figure 2.1 shows the general undertaking procedure in building sedulousness. In the briefing phase ( A & A B ) the clients identified their thoughts / demand for the undertaking and guarantee the feasibleness. The information procedure in this phase is iterative and divergent, to do a solution for briefing jobs. Second, during the design phase ( C ) , design squads to be after and bring forth design information. The effect of design tuition is to bring forth drawings, specifications and measures measure for the following phase. In this phase, information suave iterative around briefing phase information, but concentrate to measure and ingest solution to plan job to accomplish a comprehensive description of the undertaking relevant information. Third, during the building phase ( D ) , the information direction becomes more complexly. Information in this phase affect relevant drawings, specifications, times, costs, connexion with clients and providers, site introductions, proficient and fiscal studies, meeting and con versation records, and other(a) informations. Information processing becomes rough-cut than design phase. Contactors need to tie in with clients, national decorators, subcontractors and providers to guarantee all information are accurate and easiness acquisition, but common information still has insecurity factors for the on-site plants, such as foundation and structural plants on redesign undertaking ( Lester, 2007 Winch, 2002 ) .2.2 The tuition of information engineeringsTechniques of information direction have been essential since the fourteenth century where graduated table proficient drawings were introduced to the industry. From this clip, traditional information engineerings were paper-based which undertaking information nevertheless could be done by difficult transcript. However, the communicating of certain paperss may just be sent by mail or collected from relevancy parties. Manual documentary methods in building industry play a chief function still today. This typ e of technique is still utilizing into communicating over the undertaking procedure. The parapet for this is that the drawings or paperss are non accurate. It could non stipulate instantly and should redraft in processing.During the 1970s, computing machine aided design ( CAD ) engineerings had been positive a overbold drawing techniques which allowed drawings could be service of process and applied in other stockholders on design spheres but information direction still based on traditional information methods. However, the personal computing machine ( ad hominem computer ) developed allows undertaking stakeholders crumb portion and applied in their ain computing machine, particularly the computing machine can be provide on the site office which much improved the undertaking information originative and storage ( Winch, 2002, pp.342-343 ) .Over the last 20 twelve month, information engineerings have chop-chop evolution. There are many particulars computer software companie s develop figure of tools to cut down undertaking s process and better building communicating. Furthermore, the cyberspace ontogenesis allows stakeholders evaluate relevant information online without sit down together and communicating becomes convenient ( Winch, 2002, pp. 343 ) . At the same clip, on that point are many new specializer cognition have been introduced to the industry which brings building undertaking becomes more complexness. In add-on, fiscal, proficient, Healthy & A Safety, and environmental jobs of the building lead undertaking hazard becomes higher. As a consequence, there are tonss of information integrates with the undertaking processes due to information and cognition are often be modified and substituted. ( Gray & A Hughes, 2001, pp.2-3 ) .Therefore, there are a figure of tools and techniques has developed and introduced to the building industry for improve undertaking information direction.3. Existing TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PIMThe direction of building undertaking is about direction the undertaking information. The specific tools and techniques have been developed for operation and communicating of information on building undertaking. The common proficient of PIM is Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) which has been widely utilizing in the industry today. It application in building is indispensable for coevals, storage and distribution of undertaking information in calculating electronic format ( Winch, 2002, pp. 340 ) .In this off coiffe will present some typical tools and techniques for improve undertaking information direction.3.1 CAD for design phaseComputer aided design ( CAD ) began as drafting plans for developing design certification. CAD operated original in planar ( 2D ) environment. 2D CAD allows working with a computing machine re institution of geometry. The advantage of this is that interior decorator can misrepresent drawings more easy and accurate in dimension. It can supply limitless grading cap acitys. In add-on, the drawings can be portion and applied in construction, mechanical and electronic design spheres ( Maher, 2000 ) . The development extended 2D CAD into 3D CAD which allows interior decorator ciphering and stand foring 3-dimensional form and solid. There are a batch of 3D software tools available in usage today. In add-on, perspective rendition is another technique for 3D. It allows presentation that adds light beginnings and stuff belongingss into 3D metaphysical key ( Maher, 2000 ) .The chief virtue of utilizing CAD is that all drawings can be end product and input in same format which allows stakeholders can portion the design information in their ain personal computing machine.3.2 Construction directionThe building phase can be separate into two procedures planning and building. The techniques of these procedures are relied on traditional methods, such as Gantt chart for schedule, graphs and saloon or pie charts but translate to digital format in today ( Kymmell, 2008 ) . The typical tools for the building direction is Microsoft Office bulge out and Excel which allows those traditional theoretic study represent into spreadsheets, diagrams and other representation of information.3.3 accusative direction toolsAccord to the IT development, Email is become as the chief communicating method. The undertaking informations can be sent to other relevant stakeholders but this communicating recidivate merely available for one to one or one to multiple stakeholders. In add-on, Email merely can bringing individual informations and can non mix with other informations and with deficiency of security. It is difficultly to measure the information and information ( Craig, 2006 ) .In the recent twelvemonth, there is a new techniques has been introduced to the industry. Project extranets or calls extranets has been developed for more than 15 old ages. Extranets has been used as commercially system in the UK such as BIW Technologies and 4Projects. The extranets is likes a tool for geting and sharing undertaking informations in the internet-based driver ( Wilkinson, 2005 BIW, no day of the month ) . The benefits of utilizing extranets areBetter integrative of undertaking stakeholder.Information becomes more transparence and answerability. Because the audit trail is automatic recorded without differences and the undertaking cardinal procedures can be easy monitored.Paper-based paperss could be replaced by electronic paperss which salvaging cost and clip for printing, copying, distribution, storage and skill relevant undertaking information.More safety for information storage. The extranets can restrict access-authority for users.The information can be searched and reused.3.4 Limitation of bing tools and techniquesThere are some restriction and barriers of bing tools and techniquesThe range of application for PIM tools merely concentrate on differentiate phases such as design phase and building preliminary phase, which ignore considered project direction as a integrative entity. Most of import is that few tools and techniques can be used for building phase, such as advancement, quality and cost controls.Construction companies emphasise the utilizing of tools and techniques in different phase procedure but without considered utilizing an sole criterion for planning, intellect and direction of undertaking information ( Liu, 2005 ) .Some building companies are weak on their ain information direction. There are many excess informations and information had been repeatedly stored in their computing machine drivers which reflect on comparative information can be portion with other parties ( Liu, 2007 ) .Undertaking information is fragmented which can non compound all information in one system for undertaking members evaluate, discuss, estimation and knock undertaking informations and information.Therefore, constructing information mold as a new shape techniques can better and consummate work out the existing tools and techniques restrictions in undertaking information direction.4. Building INFORMATION Modeling5. 4D ModelingFour-dimensional computing machine aided design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique has been inquiryed and applied in the field of building since 1990s. This study is an fact-finding paper, presents the development of 3D and 4D simulations the field of building foremost. The development of this technique including commercially, research and development countries are revealed. Several current 3D and 4D commercially package tools are analysed in 2nd subdivision includes two event surveies. The benefits and restrictions of 4D are discussed. In the terminal, the study negotiations about 4D technique impacts building and the supply concatenation.5.1 Development of TechniqueThe engineering of building design and planning has been developed for long clip. out-of-pocket to the computing machine scientific discipline development, the traditional technique has been trended to vi sualization worlds from manual drawing.5.2 4D CadFour-dimensional computing machine adjutant design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique uniting with 3D theoretical accounts and building processing in another mean is clip. 2D and 3D improve building design more quality and efficient. 3D development provides the foundation for 4D CAD in the field of building direction. 4D CAD led the abstract undertaking planning can be presented straight and inventive in simulation.In 1984, CAS Inc developed PM-Vision which used 3D theoretical account to develop a database for building ( CSA, no day of the month ) . The first developed 3D CAD theoretical accounts link to building order of businesss was created in 1986-87 by Bechtel and Hitachi Ltd. They developed 4D Planner package. The 4D theoretical account creates by associating the agenda to the 3D CAD theoretical account to demoing which pieces of the undertaking will be constructed in sequence ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 )In 1990 s, 4D CAD has been progre ssively developed around in commercialism and research. Jacobus engine room developed and marketed a 4D simulation system called Construction Simulation Toolkit ( CST ) in 1992 ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 ) . CST allows user import CAD information from AutoCAD and Micostation uniting with agenda informations.The sum total for Integrated Facilities Engineering ( CIFE ) of Stanford University begins academic research in 1994. CIFE started the first undertaking research in the San Mateo County Health Facility which developed 4D theoretical account to pass on in the four-year building. After the first undertaking, CIFE continued to research related to 4D theoretical accounts. CIFE plays a leader function in 4D research country. quest CIFE, the academic research started in UK and Finland.In UK, the research undertaking of the Virtual Construction Site ( VIRCON ) which is a collaborative undertaking between University College London, Teeside University, The University of Wolverhampton and 11 building companies, was funded by UK authorities. The purpose of undertaking is to bring forth a tool allow contrivers to merchandise off the temporal sequencing of undertakings with their spacial distribution. In University of Wolverhampton, Dr. David Heesom promulgated Technology Opportunities and Potential for The Virtual Construction Site in 2002.In 2000 s, several commercial 4D package tools have been produced to building industry. In the following subdivision will take about the commercial package tools.5.3 Existing Software analysisFrom 2000, 4D technique has been developed rapid. There are a assorted consequences of research are published and commercially available package tools are produced such as common Point undertaking 4DTM, JetStream TimelinerTM, Revit ArchitectureTM and xD Virtual BuilderTM. All 4D technique tool can trade video format files for use.5.3.1. Common Point Project 4DTM Common Point Int.Common Point Project 4D was presented in 1999 by Common Point, Inc . It originated from the research activities undertaken at the Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering ( CIFE ) at Stanford University, USA ( Heesom & A Mahdjoubi, 2004 ) . Undertaking 4D is a building simulation package tool that links agenda activities to 3D constituents. Project 4D s chief characteristic is 4D playback, which allows the user to sequence building issues harmonizing to a agenda for imitating building events in chronological order. Common Point developed this system in acknowledgment of the realisation that the user to better communicate, program and analyse building activities throughout the undertaking lifecycle.The Undertaking 4D import 3D information from common industry format, such as AutoCAD ArchiCAD, Microstation and 3D MAX. The agenda informations can be imported from Primavera, SureTrak, Expedition, MS Project, Excel, comma or tab-delimited files.However, Woolley ( 2007 ) argues that Project 4D works merely with VRML CAD theoretical accounts ( WRL and RAW file formats ) and tends to restrict it to architectural instead than engineered in building applications. In add-on, it does non let user modify the 3D theoretical accounts in the 4D system.5.3.2. JetStream TimelinerTM NavisworksJetStream Timeliner is developed by Navisworks. It is enable 3D theoretical account informations to be linked with undertaking package for create 4D visual image of building agenda. This package allows user demoing all undertakings happening in the interval result, to guarantee little undertakings happening between interval points in the undertaking does non lose in 4D simulation. The package allows imports most CAD format from, such as AutoCAD ( .dwg, .dxf, .sat ) , 3D Studio ( 3ds.prj ) , SketchUp ( .skp ) and Navisoworks ( .nwd.nwf.nwc ) . The undertaking agenda package and formats supported by JetStream TimeLiner is PowerProject, MS Project and Primavera. Timeliner provides extension that allows text, site undertakings and procedure screening in s imulation. The behaviour of the undertaking simulation is configurable and the show can be customized. ( Navisworks, no day of the month )Harmonizing to Khemlani ( 2004 ) , the biggest restriction of Timeliner is perspective. The show of theoretical account is a generic geometry-based solution. The monetary value show in the web site of Timeliner is 1250 dollars. If the user want to purchase whole the JetStream bundle in sum is 8450 dollars. It is rather expensive for most building industry houses.5.3.2.1. Revit ArchitectureTM- AutodeskRevit Architecture was developed by Autodesk. This package based on Autodesk research that called Building Information Modelling ( BIM ) . The theory of BIM is screens geometry, spacial relationships, geographic information, measures and belongingss of edifice constituents. BIM can be used to show the full edifice lifecycle including the procedures of building and installation operation ( Wikipedia, no day of the month ) . The construct of BIM is simi lar with 4D. Using Revit Architecture provides user record and reappraisal full undertaking from design period to build period organizing programs, agendas, and building paperss in ocular. ( Autodesk, no day of the month )Compare with other commercial 4D package, Revit can make 3D theoretical account in the system. Due to Autodesk strength, utilizing with Autodesk Software, Revit can provides elaborate programs and renders of lifts. However, without Autodesk Software it could import other common package. It is average that undertaking agenda informations should be created in original technique. The users ought to pass a batch of clip to understand and the package Standard individual user monetary value is up to 4000 lbs.5.4 Benefits and hereafter3D and 4D simulation has been used in building industry. 3D simulation is popular in architectural and structural design. Interior designer can bring forth an attractive theoretical account in item degree, utilize it to show their design and communicate with other design parties. However, 3D simulation in building direction is non utile. Most 3D package are attentive the characteristic of rendering. In existent clip simulation, it could non bring forth 3D theoretical account nexus with other building activities. To set about a successful 3D theoretical account need user use much strength in preparation and understanding package because of a batch characteristics and maps should be used in.In long history traditional building, be aftering tools such as saloon chart and web diagrams are abstract for most people. To understand the undertaking be aftering need people analyze its and practise. Harmonizing to Fischer ( 2002 ) , 4D theoretical accounts combine 3D CAD theoretical accounts with undertaking agenda and other undertaking information to demo a ocular theoretical account for proficient and non-technical stakeholders in apprehension, analysing and pass oning a design and building agenda. In communicating of undertaki ng, 4D theoretical account provides a ocular simulation for all coordinators such as interior decorators, clients, contractors and builder to understand the undertaking effectual. For illustration, Walt Paradise pier GC merely spent 2 yearss to understand the full undertaking sequence. By utilizing 4D, undertaking developers can measure the sequence, procedure, building methods and hazard in building undertaking. In add-on, item 3D and 4D modeling can cut down the waste of stuffs and resources. The 4D theoretical account besides back up user pass judgment stuffs measure and deliver clip. Finally, 4D create a platform for interior decorators and contactors to reexamine and stakeout the advancement in building.Although 4D CAD has advantages in building direction, most 4D package tools merely simple combine with 3D theoretical account and agenda, as drama mesosphere. These package tools could non supply auxiliary map for building direction. The other maps such as cost, stuffs inform ation, rendition, and human resource could non show in 4D theoretical account. In the functional building applications, 4D CAD must trust on complex 3D theoretical accounts, the restriction of it evidently.4D development tendency could be includingBetter the 4D CAD exporting in same formatReduce 3D theoretical account making clip.Better the rendition capableness of 3D theoretical account in 4D CAD.Integrate building cost and material information, constitutes to 5D CAD, so nD CAD system.To better the characteristics of 4D technique need researcher in Significant geographic expedition and research. Some organisations such as CIFE and ARUP are get downing to develop 4D CAD in use in building.6. BIM VS 4D ModelingEverett M. Rogers ( 1962 ) classified clients as followsPioneers. Those who like to be first to have the latest merchandises. These consumers predominate at the beginning of the merchandise life rhythm.Early adoptive parents. Those who are untied to new thoughts, but like to wait a piece after initial launch. These consumers predominate during the growing stage of the PLC.Early bulk. Those who buy once the merchandise is exhaustively tested and tested. These consumers predominate in the early portion of adulthood stage of PLC.Late bulk. Those who are leery of new things, and wait until most other people already have one. These consumers predominate in the ulterior portion of the adulthood stage of PLC.Dawdlers. Those who merely adopt new merchandises when it becomes perfectly necessary to make so. These consumers predominate in the diminution stage of PLC.7. SummaryMentionGray, C & A Hughes, W ( 2001 ) Building Design Management. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Winch, G. M. ( 2002 ) Pull offing Construction Projects. Oxford Blackwell Science Ltd.Lester, E.I.A. ( 2007 ) Project Management, proviso and Control. 5th edn. Oxford Buttcrworth-Heincmann.Lazarus, D. & A Clifton, R. 2001. Pull offing Project Change a best patterns guide. London CIRIALiu, J. ( 2 005 ) Construction Project Management information Developing Problems. China Journal of Modern Information. 25 ( 11 ) . pp.202-206Liu, J.J. ( 2007 ) How to Tighten up Project Information Management of the Building Engineering Enterprise.china diary of Anhui Architecture. 2007 ( 6 ) . pp.230-232Maher, M.L. ( 2000 ) Understanding practical design studios. London Springer. Pp.48-50Kymmell, W. ( 2008 ) Constructing information mold planning and pull offing building undertakings with 4D CAD and simulations. New York McGraw-Hill.Wilkinson, P. ( 2005 ) Construction Collaboration Technologies The Extranet Revolution. London Taylor & A Francis.BIW Technologies ( no day of the month ) Document Management online . citation on 1 January 2010

Independence and Constitutions Practice Assignment Essay

Focus on how the Constitution provides liberty for American citizens. Use quotations from the Constitution to support your points. If you choose, you can compare or bank line the U.S. Constitution with the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace (the Iroquois Constitution). Your essay should use a basic three-paragraph structure (introductory paragraph with a hook and a thesis, a musical accompaniment paragraph, and a concluding paragraph) and should be written in 12-point font with one-inch page margins. For extra help on completing your assignment, click your practice guide.Read much How does the makeup guard against tyranny dbq essayTips for SuccessWhen you analyze something, youre trying to figure out how its different part work together. In this assignment, you require to figure out how the parts of the Constitution work together to create liberty for American citizens. You may want to consider the following What major parts of the Constitution are there? How do they function? W hat liberties does this document provide?For whom did this document actu entirelyy provide liberty? Was anyone left out? How was this document equal to or different from the Iroquois Constitution? Remember, as you craft your essay, it should be built on a strong thesis conjurement, one that is debatable, not just a fact. And dont forget to support your position with strong evidence from the Constitution itselfWithout evidence, an depth psychology essay is nothing.Self-Assessment ChecklistRead to each one question and evaluate your unforesightful response. If the answer to the question is yes, check the box to the left. If the answer is no, go back and revise your work. Your teacher will use these same guiding questions to score your victimize response.Quality of IdeasDid I demonstrate an understanding of the assignment byFocusing on how the Constitution provides liberty for American citizens? Following the basic structure of an analysis essay (introduction with hook and thesis, body with quotations to support my points, conclusion)? Did I demonstrate the energy to think critic exclusivelyy and creatively byUsing my language or ideas in a creative way?Going beyond basic information to make connections among ideas? Did I demonstrate the ability to write a thesis statement byMaking a claim that requires support?Did I demonstrate the ability to support my ideas byReferring directly or indirectly to the schooling or readings?Addressing all parts of the writing topic?Connecting each supporting sentence to the claim in the thesis statement? Did I demonstrate the ability to conclude bySummarizing the ideas and/or restating the thesis statement? Did I demonstrate the ability to organize my writing byUsing transitions?Ordering ideas logically? impress and PresentationDid I follow presentation requirements (12-point font, standard margins, length requirements)?Did I properly cite all quotations?StyleDid I use a descriptor of sentence types (simple, compound, and complex)?Did I avoid run-on sentences and fragments?Did I check for spelling and grammar errors?Did I use an appropriate tone?In creating the Constitution, the states had several different reactions, including a rather defensive reaction, but also an understanding reaction. As a document that provided the laws of the land and the rights of its peck. It directs its attention to the many problems in this country it offered quite a challenge because the document lent itself to several views and interpretations, depending upon the individual reading it. It is clear that the founders perspectives as white, wealthy or elite class, American citizens would play a purpose in the creation and implementation of The Constitution.On further analysis, most of the issues within the document were due to vast cultural, racial, and economic lifestyles that our country did and will continue to support, as unintentional as it may be. This document lessened some of those issues and attempted to accom modate the requests of all states. However, Elitist framers manipulated the idea of a constitution in order to nourish their economic interests and the interests of their fellow white land and striver take ining men by restricting the voices of women, slaves, indentured servants and others.The Constitution that was created had a strong fundamental government and weaker state governments. Under the Constitution, Congress was given the power to levy taxes, regulate trade between the states, raise an army, control interstate commerce, and more. A three-branch government was established inwhich a judicial branch handled disputes in a federal court scheme, a President headed an executive branch, and a legislative branch. Conversely, the anti-federalists believed in weak central and strong state governments, as the way it was in The Articles of Confederation and believed in strict adherence to the writings of the constitution.Furthermore, the creation of The Constitution caused much debate between the elite and democratic states because they thought that if the Government got all of the power, they would lose their rights. The conflict between the North and South played a major role in the development of this document. The North felt that representation in Congress should be based on the number of total people and South felt that it should be based on number of whites.However, The Three Fifths Compromise settled this when it was said a slave will count as 3/5 of a free person of representatives and taxation. Article one section two of the Constitution defines how the population will be counted, obviously there was a strong ohmic resistance to this by Southern states like Virginia because their economy was based on slave labor and they had a bigger population because of it.Additionally, In Youngs clause he mentions four ghosts (Young 3) the first being Thomas Paine, Abraham Yates, Daniel Shays and Thomas Peters who haunted (young 3) the minds of elites as they were making the constitution. These ghosts were representations of the resistance the elites encountered during the revolution as a result, accommodations were made in order to avoid conflicts such as the ones they had previously faced such as Shays Rebellion.Secondly, other issue would arise with the Article 4. Section 1 declares that all states will honor the laws of all other states this ensures, for example, if soulfulness was declared a slave in one state they couldnt be freed in another state. Also, section two, serves as the comprise between the founders and citizens to section one by guarantying that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. The slave states could losemore slave labor by other owners claiming slaves that werent theirs.Those people like William Byrd feared that the Constitution wouldnt wor k because it was completely opposite from The Articles of Confederation. Consequently, the majority of the states had to accept the constitution the law and abide by it. The Anti-Federalist viewed the federal judicial system as a threat to individual liberties and states independence. How far could the judges overstate their role? They feared they would be ruled by Kings. There was nothing in the Constitution to guarantee civil trial by jury and judges could hold back over matters that had been the jurisdiction of lower courts.They worried that the jurisdiction of the federal courts was too broad and not clearly defined. To resolve this issue the framers detailed what powers the judicial system would sport, for instance, (Article 3, Section 1) Congress establishes inferior courts to the Supreme Court. It was a part of the system of checks and balances designed to ensure that one branch of the government wouldnt dominate the others and each had limitations of power. (Constitution 4)another(prenominal) fear of the anti federalists was the cost of the constitution, some feared that it would cost too much to change the laws in their states and this would greatly impact their lifestyle especially the planters and slave owners. Article I, Section 8 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States (Constitution 2). This gave states the power to collect taxes, by providing this section those elites would have more protection against economic loss.Some delegates feared democracy itself. They believed that unfit people would control the government as a result more checks and balances were put into place, for example, The Electoral College was implemented to ensure that the uneducated masses didnt elect someone unsuitable for the presidency. They also created guidelines for the selection of the president, the guidelines are that the candidate is at least age 35, a natural-born citizen, and has a residency of at least 14 years.Another major concern could have been the connection between the national government and its people. To combat this each state would have their government and representatives. The government would also have a bill of rights that protected the natural rights of the citizens.So, in conclusion, the Constitution began by using the Articles of Confederation to create a stronger centralized government. Each state had their own interpretation of the document and the varying lifestyles of the framers and citizens delayed ratification time after time. However, due to the malleability of the document and much debate a standard was eventually created.Copyright 2014 acme Learning Inc. Use of this material is subject to Apex Learnings Terms of Use . Any unauthorized copying, reuse, or redistribution is prohibited. Apex Learning and the Apex Learning Logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc.

Use of Symbolism in Cynthia Ozick’s the Shawl:

In The Shawl, Cynthia Ozick uses descriptive details to engage the reader. The story describes the horror of Nazism. The setting of the story is a concentration camp. The three main characters are Rosa, who was a mother of two daughters, Stella who was fourteen and Magda who was fifteen months. The plot of the story surrounds a magic shawl. The shawl is a major part of the complication, climax and resolution of the story. The magic shawl is the entirely thing the three starving women have keeping them alive and eventually leads to their demise.The plot of The Shawl ends with a camp retain tossing the infant Magda onto an electrified fence. Ozicks use of symbolism is rattling important to the story. The author uses symbolism abundantly to help the reader envision the setting. In the beginning of the story, Ozick refers to the baby Magda as, someone who is already a floating angel (Jacobs 299). Ozick refers to Magda as an angel throughout the story, smooth feathers of hair nearly a s yellow as the Star sewn into Rosas coat (Jacobs 300).Other symbolism at heart the story, talks of the shawl as the milk of linen (Jacobs 300). Beyond the concentration camp, outside of the steel fence, there were green meadows speckled with dandelions and deep-colored violets beyond them even father, innocent tiger lilies, tall, lifting their orange bonnets (Jacobs 301). Past the steel fence was beauty or maybe heaven. , but not the poor conditions of the death camp. Of the three characters in The Shawl, Stella is a level character.She is only part of the story to allow the author to get to the climax. The climax comes when Stella becomes cold, and takes the shawl for warmth. Again, the author uses symbolism, Stella is cold or cruel. Magda is the most dynamic character. She is presented to us first as a quite baby, who is hungry and does not cry. Magda simply sucks on the shawl. When her shawl is taken, she cries and walks wobbly into the yard. In the yard of the concentration c amp, she is picked up and thrown by a guard to her death.Rosa is a flat character, she does not change throughout the story. As the mother of the two girls, she tries to keep her family from their impending death. When Magda is killed, she does not run into the yard, knowing she result be shot. **** There are false statements in this article. Stella is NOT Rosas daughter, she is her niece. Megan Use of Symbolism in Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl. 123HelpMe. com. 03 Apr 2010 .