Make decisions or solve problems Essay

What are heuristics? How do they help us make decisions or solve problems? How do they hinder decision making and problem solving? What does the study of heuristics tell us about how our mind works? Elvira Gubayeva In psychology, the term â€Å"heuristics† is used to describe cognitive shortcuts that our mind takes in order to save time and effort while solving problems and making decisions. Although this rule of thumb technique does not guarantee the solution, it is highly likely to solve the problem. These congnitive shortcuts differ from algorithms as algorithms will definitely solve the problem, although they would consume more time in the process. Thus, heuristics are shortcuts that eliminate the need to consider unlikely possibilities or irrelevant states to reach the final solution. From that perspective, heuristics are useful in making decisions or solving problems. One of the most important heuristic methods was explored by Newell & Simon. They called this method the means-ends analysis. This method implies that the problem solver will note the difference between the current state of the problem and the goal state, the solution. He would then create a subgoal to reduce the difference between the two states. A path, or an operator, would be selected to reach the subgoal. Egan & Greeno(1974) used the Tower of Hanoi problem to investigate this heuristic method. They found that subjects with prior experience with the problem who used the means-ends analysis solved more difficult versions of the problem faster than subjects who did not make appropriate subgoals. Subjects who changed their strategy to means-ends analysis produced better results than those who did not. Overall heuristics are useful in solving problems and making decisions as they reduce the complexity of different solutions that are possible. They do yield good results when they are used in the appropriate context. However, heuristics can also hinder decision making and problem solving. For example, Anzai & Simon(1979) found that many subjects used domain dependent strategies while solving the tower of Hanoi problem. This hindered their process to the solution as they avoided certain states in the puzzle that they believed would not help them, rather than move towards a definite goal/ subgoal state. Subjects were more interested in the goal state and focused on reaching that rather than reaching the subgoal state first. As Thomas(1974) found, this could actually hinder process. Thomas used the missionaries-cannibals puzzle and adapted J. R. R. Tolkien’s hobbits and orcs to replace missionaries and cannibals. To reach the solution quicker, subjects had to move away from the goal state. However, not many were willing to do that. This distraction to reach the goal state caused the subjects to take longer solving the problem. If the subjects found themselves moving away from the goal state, they typically thought they reached a back alley and backtracked. As a result, subjects took longer to solve the problem as they were using the domain dependent heuristic and avoided moving away from the goal. Another heuristic which could hinder correct decision making and problem solving is the availability heuristic. We use data that we can remember better or that which had a bigger impact on us rather than complete data. Thus subjects can make judgements based on what is easier remembered than an unbiased judgement. One availability heuristic that is commonly used is the media bias. The media presents such a great number of fatal accidents that most think that death is more likely to be caused by an accident rather than diabetes. This is not the case, yet because an accident is easier to remember and had a greater impact on the mind most would consider the statement above to be true.

New Deal Essay

1932. Famine and homelessness afflicted millions across the country. Small shanty-towns called â€Å"Hoovervilles† popped up on the outskirts of towns and in the open areas of cities, and served as home to the most downtrodden of society. Over nine thousand banks had gone bankrupt since 1929, along with them millions of dollars that had been entrusted to their care. Franklin D. Roosevelt inherited the leadership of a nation containing thirteen million unemployed living in utter poverty.Although criticized by his political contemporaries for the vague nature of his â€Å"New Deal,† FDR came into office with a vision that, if employed effectively, would boost people’s confidence in the economy and lift the spirits of millions nationwide. â€Å"The New Deal† may have only been marginally effective in repairing the economic woes of the United States on a pure numbers basis, but it ultimately succeeded in stabilizing the â€Å"depression† in America. In my analysis, the success of the New Deal rested in the positive psychological ramifications it manifested nationwide.The New Deal brought about lasting changes in government policy, and the way Americans would perceive the federal government. According to William E. Leuchtenburg, FDR came into office after a â€Å"lame duck† session that had lasted from February to December that had only weakened the public’s already low perception of Congress. Further, American and European observations at the outset of FDR’s presidency remarked that the common, jobless poor seemed to have lost all vigor for life; listless and calmly accepting their fates, rather than taking to the streets in violent protest.Unlike their European contemporaries, the American people felt simply defeated and hopeless, without the agency to force positive change. President Hoover tried repeatedly (unsuccessfully) to coerce the President-elect into accepting his view of the Depression as well, whil e FDR carefully built a â€Å"brains trust† of intellectuals, theorists, and colleagues to develop the New Deal into a tangible program when he took office.A major obstacle to implementing New Deal programs was a strong push from the Republican side for a return to a Smithian laissez-faire society with traditional values and a myriad of small businesses controlling the bulk of the economy. New Dealers maintained that this idyllic trip down memory lane was mere illusion, and the best way to solve the country’s economic woes was to foster business-government cooperation with an emphasis on balance. As the first part of the New Deal, in the first 100 days, the FDR dministration’s goal was to restore hope and courage to the American people, and stop economic hemorrhaging. In early March, FDR issued a (legally questionable) presidential edict to proclaim a national bank holiday to protect both the banks from mass withdrawal runs and the national treasury. FDR address ed Hoover’s financial advisers’ and the deficit hawks’ concerns through the introduction of the Economy Act, which cut $500 million total out of veterans’ pensions and federal employees’ salaries in order to balance the â€Å"regular† federal budget.FDR sent the Emergency Banking Act to Congress on March 9, 1933, effectively reopening 75% of Federal Reserve Banks, and granted authority to large banking institutions to purchase smaller banks, but with strictly defined rules and regulations. As part of the act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was established to provide insurance on banking deposits up to $2500, effectively ending the risk of bank runs. Alcohol once again was sold legally on April 7, 1933 after FDR requested Congress to pledge an early end to Prohibition, and the American people began to become reassured in financial recovery with help from FDR’s â€Å"fireside chats. The Thomas Act gave FDR the authority to i nflate money and take the dollar off the gold standard, effectively allowing the economy to expand and diversify. The Securities Act of 1933 created the Securities and Exchange Commission, charged with the regulation of the stock market, correcting excesses in the banking system and the stock market, and maintaining the disclosure of financial statements. All of the aforementioned programs were simply the beginning of the New Deal, but they were necessary for facilitating social, political, and economic change in the United States.The Agricultural Adjustment Act placed limits on competitive farming, reduced crop production through artificial scarcity ensuring agricultural price inflation and padding the pockets of farmers. The AAA also paid farmers subsidies to leave farm lands uncultivated by introducing tax penalties on overproduction. This led to the slaughter of over six million piglets, unfortunately. The AAA was widely unpopular among the American public according to Gallup po lls of the time, and the Supreme Court ultimately declared it unconstitutional; that the state did not have the legal right to control the means of agricultural production.Proponents of the second New Deal introduced new legislation in FDR’s second term to provide government subsidies on lands that were used to plant soil enriching crops rather than commodities. The FERA, CWA, CCC, the WPA, NYA, NRA, PWA, and TVA were all created as part of the relief legislation to get the unemployed back to work, regardless of cost. All the relief works programs especially the CCC were designed to organize a labor force and literally create an â€Å"Army† of working men, provide them with jobs, discipline, food, and shelter while creating infrastructure support nationally through public works projects.These programs were drastically inefficient and dragged the federal deficit even deeper into debt, but they improved the morale of the population by putting millions back to work, and t hey were politically popular, giving FDR the edge to be reelected. New Deal programs were ideal for fostering active political engagement for African Americans, and gave people the strength to organize to let their voices be heard. NAACP membership was dramatically on the rise, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s tireless work for the advancement of racial equality helped spur the movement onward.Greenburg points out that the intentions of the New Deal programs at face value were designed to be racially equal, but the application of those programs brought out the discrimination that was prevalent in society at the time, especially the south. The biggest problem associated with African Americans and the New Deal was that the New Deal officials offering relief to the public only saw the need to assist whites, and that blacks had not established a greater need for assistance. Why? Good old fashioned racism, that’s why. According to Greenberg, African Americans hadn’t fallen th at far during the economic crash though.Even though African Americans had been legally free for near 80 years, they still lived in desperate poverty, and hadn’t reached the levels of financial success achieved by their white counterparts. African Americans generally didn’t own the houses they lived in, worked the least-paying and least-desirable jobs, and essentially had lived in their own economic depression long before the stock market crash of 1929. In the post-Bellum South, a quarter of African American people were categorized as illiterate, as education was not readily available for them due to racial pressures and antiquated Jim Crow laws.Southern blacks lived in more destitute poverty than most other Americans during the depression due to their already horrible lot in life. A majority of Southern blacks were sharecroppers, and didn’t even own the land they were farming. The decline of Agricultural commodities lowered farm prices more and more, until the t enant farmers were literally tending to the fields to do nothing more than lose more money, as the landowners claimed all of the subsidies from the AAA.Wealth was not well-distributed in the south, and they found that opportunity lay in urban centers especially to the north, in modern industrialized cities. What followed was â€Å"The Great Migration† between 1910 and 1940, where African Americans left the south in droves to find opportunities in the cities. They found the worst jobs in the cities coupled with the worst pay, but they were genereally free from the threat of lynch mobs and public beatings, despite not being well-liked by their new neighbors.Section 7A of the NRA required businesses to accept union employees and not discriminate based on ethnicity or race, which allowed greater legislative power for organizations like the American Negro Labor Congress. Even though New Deal programs had been introduced to unify the workingman, the results of the new legislation w idened the distrust between blacks and whites. African Americans provided a cheap labor force, and would often work as scabs during factory strikes, infuriating white union workers, causing deeper tensions.The Communist and Socialist Parties both claimed that capitalists used race as tool to divide the population against itself, and both worked tirelessly to promote equal rights for both the poor and African Americans. This caused even further disparity when these parties used racial inequality to stir up tension between established whites and poor blacks. The Communist and Socialist Parties had found a rallying cry in racial inequality, and actively promoted multiracial unions to demand equality in the workplace.There was even a conspiracy theory espoused by most southern whites that African Americans were Soviet spies, employed by the USSR to bring down the white race and capitalism. FDR’s New Deal programs certainly barred racial discrimination, but local officials were th e people who administered the programs, and the majority of these people still hadn’t changed their racial views. Greenburg points out that the fault lay not in the New Deal, but in the patterns and established segregation that was prevalent in society. It didn’t help that FDR courted southern white democrats in his bid for the election, to secure his position n office. Once he laid out the plans for the New Deal, however, he gained more support from the black community, as they were among those represented in the groups that would benefit from programs designed to empower the jobless, homeless, starving, and needy. The road to hell is paved with good intentions though; Public works projects like the WPA, the NRA (coined â€Å"affectionately as the Negro Removal Agency), and FERA all generally accepted local wage distribution policies, discriminatory hiring practices, and were all subject to public scrutiny.African Americans, not being part of the majority had a lesse r voice in the crowd, and thus were financially punished for any outspoken criticism of racial inequalities within the workplace. FDR avoided directly addressing the race issue in his first few years in office to garner continued support from the southern white supremacists that occupied the Senate.As the US entered WWII, the need for increased collaboration and unity between whites and blacks was much greater, and FDR saw the need for improved race relations (and to ward off a march on the Capitol by A. Philip Randolph and his supporters), so he issued Executive Order 8802 to legally mandate an official federal government position of anti-discrimination policy. Even though the Executive Order was technically part of the first or second New Deal, it was part of FDR’s legacy, and it has had resounding effects throughout American society.New Deal programs were carefully, politically orchestrated to have mass appeal across a broad spectrum of the US population, but unfortunately mass appeal is not sympathetic to minorities caught up in the struggle. While the New Deal provided jobs and money for millions of white Americans, improving morale and confidence in the economy, racial inequality as a product of society, left African Americans generally poor and in similar conditions they had faced before the depression.

Leadership Role

Leadership RoleIntroductionâ€Å"Leadership is an interactive conversation that pulls people to ward becoming comfortable with the language of personal responsibility and commitment (â€Å"What are leaderships? http://home.att.net/~coachthee/Archives/leadership.html )†.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Leaders are born, not made, once a leader, Is always a leader (â€Å"Leaderships: What is it? http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffile)†.Leadership is applicable to all facets of your life: competencies that you can learn to expand your perspective, set the context of a goal, understands the dynamics of human behavior and take the initiative to get to where you want to beA leader is the possession of the inborn characteristics desirable in leader plus the learned skills, knowledge and techniques which bring this potential to realization.One of the most important daily tasks of a leader is to develop leaders.  Leader development for many is a challenge.  It requires you to trust others.  It requi res you to allow others to perhaps fail in order to learn.This Paper will deal about the real experience encountered by an individual and proved to himself that he is a significant leader to his family and to all the people in his community. Here is a short story telling us how he becomes a good leader in his own way.Being a leader is a gift from God, not all of us in this world has a talent to become a leader. And this man who migrated from Peru to United States with his family proved that he is a significant leader. In United States, he is the first to learned English and is adjusted into American life quickly; he served as tutor to his parents to adjust the environment. He becomes the official translator in their household. Even helping his mother to read foods and medicines labels. He is the one find initiative in convincing the landlord to help his father to fill out their residency applications. At the early age his parents are totally dependent on him and it helps him how to become a mature minded person.In United States, he witnesses the sacrifices of his parents adjusting themselves for a new life just to provide him better future. They struggled hard working 20 hours a day to meet their dreams in America. Being a good leader, seeing the sacrifices of his parents he study hard and become an excellent student.Throughout the years, hi is a model to his little sisters, and members of his extended family who admire him for all of his accomplishments. He is also very fortunate to travel many places which make him learn and speak different languages like: Japanese, French, German, English and Spanish. During his High School days he becomes a member of the Rotary International Scholar who sent him to Japan.This leader was also the first in the family who graduated from an American University, which makes him so special for all the members in the family. And based on his qualifications he is hired and have good jobs with powerful corporations and government e ntities.Based on his accomplishments, his family admires him so much and looks him as a role model and a significant leader in the family, and they are the one who help me push himself to be successful in his chosen career, and in return push them to follow his footsteps by leading all of them to their way to success.He believed that his family was depending on him, because he knows that being an immigrant to a new place they can’t rely to no one else. And he knows that being a leader to his family and members of his extended family is the most significant role that God has putting on his shoulder. And he also knows that without his family he can’t be what he is now at this time.ConclusionGenerally, in order to become a good leader is to become a good follower and to empower others, you have to trust and be willing to take a risk.  You have to get to know your employees and find what makes them tick.Leadership is not just for people at the top.   Everyone can learn to lead by discovering the power that lies within each one of us to make a difference and  practicing the law of reciprocity. And leadership is applicable to all facets of your life and competencies that you can learn to expand your perspective, to set the context of a goal, and to understand the dynamics of human behavior, and take the initiative to get to where you want to beSuccess lies in being who we are and in the choices we are willing to make for ourselves, not in the fear of what  you should do or be.   Fear is the only thing that holds people back from achieving  personal success. And the goal of our leadership   is to help people pay attention to their intentions and get to where they want to be.References:â€Å"What are leaderships? Retrieved December 19, 2006 from http:// www.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  home.att.net/~coachthee/Archives/leadership.html)†.Leaderships Roles, Retrieved December 19, 2006 from http://www.kbc.org.au/htdocs/leaderroles.htmLeaders Empower, Retrieved December 19, 2006 from http://www.leadernotes.com/topics/Effective-Leadership.html?gclid=CL2rofionokCFRFmYQodVV97Mg

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example In Europe cities, the urban social world is a set of compartments in which most of the people in one compartment encompass no contact with the person in the other compartment. This means that the social life in the region is scrappy. However, advantages of the urban life are weighed against estrangement issues, stress, increased daily costs, and negative social aspects. This comes because of marginalization. From these classical theories, it is clear that people travel to the cities in search of new fortunes, and the social mobility. Industries that provide jobs and exchange in the capital are concentrated in the urban areas, which contribute much into this chief shift from the rural areas. The foreign money flows in a country through the ports and banking systems. In within the urban areas, people move to different within a short period due to proximity to these jobs and other activities. As a result, interaction between these people becomes difficulty since most of the persons are concentrated on their development issues. This has caused a significant stress to these dwellers because they have greater activity in certain areas while their brains are involved negative moods. On the view of the principal division in the social contact, many issues are in the verge of breaking up like the mental illness, such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and mood disorders. Therefore, these main shifts and little or no contacts render the social life in cities cold and unemotional (Shannon, Kleniewski & Cross, 1991). 2. Coalition The growth coalition is an organization that ensures a level playing field between the real estate development and the citizen in the urban area. The main aim is to promote a vibrant and a sustainable growth as well as enhancing the relationship. Growth coalition is observed in two dimensions, through the national power structure and the local power structure. The local power structures are land based growth coalitions, which seek to intensify the land us e. These structures are opposed by neighborhoods they raid or pollute, and by environmentalists. However, the land based growth coalition has raised a conflict between the growth elites and the neighbors on the growth conditions of increasing rents. This makes the land based structure to take interest that profit them from the increase of the land use. They see their future as uniting link because of common desires to increase their individual packages. Concentrations in the no decent houses are for h low income earners, which is a pressure to the local growth coalition. These growth coalitions face oppositions when it affects neighborhoods or the environment through the high prices, new open ways, the industrial pollution, noise among other factors. This leaves the poor mostly affected in the growth coalitions. In response to this, we should encourage the liberal regimes to expand their opportunities, employment, and services for the poor without challenging the growth coalitions. This will help to increase the developments. Through empowering, the poor and the minority for affordable housing will help much in the development. Other factors that will step up the growth is by acquiring resources to aid in the local government, promote the traditional growth coalitions, as well as the slashed social services. This growth will promote in generating jobs and tax revenues if properly managed (Shannon,

How tai chi chuan can help you quit smoking Essay

How tai chi chuan can help you quit smoking - Essay Example â€Å"Originally developed as martial art, Tai Chi looks like a slow graceful dance, but behind the deceptively simple movements is a wealth of Philosophy, Medicine and Science. Tai Chi is about balance and harmony†(About Tai Chi). Tai chi can help a person to refresh his mind and develop a sound personality. Some of the proven benefits of Tai chi are â€Å"Stress reduction, Improving balance, flexibility and muscle strength; Improving sleep quality; Lowering blood pressure; Increasing energy, endurance and agility and Improving overall feelings of well-being etc† (Mayo Clinic Staff). Tai chi training involves elements such as; drills, self defense techniques, weapon use etc. Tai chi training helps to bring a state of mental calm and clarity apart from providing health benefits and stress management abilities to the people who practice it. â€Å"Tai chi is often described as "meditation in motion," but it might well be called "medication in motion." There is growing ev idence that this mind-body practice ... has value in treating or preventing many health problems† (World Tai Chi & Qigong Day). Tai chi chuan is gaining popularity in the world not only as a self defense technique, but also as a method to get rid of some bad habits. Since practicing Tai chi chuan can help a person to gain better control over his emotions, it is possible to use it for avoiding some bad habits like smoking, alcohol addiction, drug addiction etc. This paper briefly analyses how Tai chi chuan can help a person in quit smoking habit. Even though everybody knows about the possible health consequences of smoking, for some of the people, it is difficult to refrain from the smoking habits. It is believed that cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, which can cause severe diseases like cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, heart diseases, stroke and adverse reproductive outcomes. Still many people are addicted to smoking because of different reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking definitely creates lot of problems not only to the smoker but also to others who forced to breathe the smoke produced by the smoker. â€Å"Low self esteem and low self confidence are the major reasons for smoking† (Brizer, 2003, p.27). Tai chi chuan can help the smokers to improve their self esteem and self confidence and hence the smokers can manage their emotions more effectively or positively. â€Å"To do tai chi, you perform a series of postures or movements in a slow, graceful manner. Each posture flows into the next without pause, ensuring that your body is in constant motion† (Mayo Clinic Staff). Smokers usually smoke only when they feel physical or mental fatigue. Practicing Tai chi chuan exercises will help the smokers to improve their physical and mental health and hence they will improve their stamina reduce fatigue. There are many scientific studies which revealed the effectiveness of practicing Tai Chi to avoid smoking habits. According to a study conducted by The University of Miami Division of Complementary and Integrative Medicine in conjunction with the Medical Wellness Centre, â€Å"Tai Chi may provide the ideal mind-body awareness to help you put out that last cigarette†Ã‚  (Tai Chi & Smoking Cessation). Deep breathing is one of the major exercises associated with Tai chi. It helps to reduce the stress normally a smoker experience prior to smoking. Smokers usually experience some kind of stresses before they think of smoking. Smokers have the illusion that smoking may help them in getting rid of their

Finance - Budgeting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance - Budgeting - Assignment Example A comparison of the actual and budgeted costs should be closely monitored to determine the efficiency of the system in place. If the current technique does not always reflect the true cost of operation or reports wide gaps between budgeted and actual costs, a change in technique could be a solution. The company has been employing process costing to budget and monitor its various costs. This method is a widely used tool in costing of its products. In order to do this, the company recognizes the following cost pools: The production budget of the company is set before the production period usually for one year. Traditional costing method and variance analysis are used to adjust the different costs incurred. At the end of each quarter, the company computes the different variances to determine whether the company is above or below the set level. However, no effort is made to correct the budgeted costs. As the size of the company is relatively small, it currently doesn't employ any software in order to efficiently track costs. The data for production is gathered for each pool center manually and is sent to each department involved such as purchasing, billing, and inventory. It is also apparent that the company has no formal monitoring system as the budgets are never adjusted. It should be noted that the price of materials being used by the company often vary with their availability. For instance, the price of LPG is directly related to the price of fuel in the world market. The volatility of the price of fuel is not taken into account as the company's budget is already set for a year's period. Recommendations for Improvement A company's budget as discussed above is one of the most significant information for managers as it reflects its expectations on its future operations. The company under consideration reports declining profitability within the past five years. The reported reasons for this are unexpected rise in material inputs which are not anticipated and reflected on pricing and additional costs due to lost of administrative and paper works. The company also admitted that as its competitors seem to be gaining market share through production efficiency, they seem to be lagging off. This is reflected by their declining profits and high production costs. It is recommended that the company reevaluate its value chain. This evaluation is needed in order for them to ascertain the processes which add value to their products and eliminating those which do not. This will lead to a leaner manufacturing system and will surely help the company in cutting down unnecessary costs. The company should also create an information system in order to

Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading - Essay Example First, the principle of syntax is a linguistic principle that grammatical explains how grammatical processes function primarily on given structures of sentences. This is not applicable in a single word or succession of words since the principle of dependency structure is a rule of universal grammar. In this rule, the principle of structure dependency mandates the applicable languages to incorporate sentences of the language in question in accordance with the structure instead of the sheer order of words. In syntax approach, one is able to examine that certain unified analyses of sentences in a given language can be empirically correct or in order. This means that syntax helps in teaching of reading in that unifications of statements is not per se desirable. In the proposition of linguistics, the syntax’s explanation is the arrangement or the processes through sentences undergo construction in a language (Rogers, 2006). This means is therefore dictated the rules and the princip les that govern the sentence structure of that given language in teaching. As a result, effective teaching of reading in any language in the application must adhere to the construction rules of grammar in syntactic approach not merely the arrangement of words. For example, it would be appropriate for a teacher to get right all the constraints that control acceptable word order within any given sentence. This also goes to the dominance of relation like a head noun + a relative clause. The syntactic sequencing of such words dictates that they ought to follow that order hence syntax. In teaching, learners cannot acquire this rule through the hearing of sentences of the language. Alternatively, the rule of syntax imposes itself in whichever language they encounter. This means learners only have to apply these syntactic rules in the languages that they only hear. For example, in English language, learners would reject a statement like ‘for Mary is dog that white’. The syntax rule is wrong even to those who have never encountered it before. It is therefore important to elaborate that structure dependency as a syntactic rule stipulates that it is a principle of knowledge that is built in human minds (Dalton, 2008). This makes it part of the language being learned in teaching of learning, not necessarily English. The semantics principle also features as the principle of compositionality. It is the study of meaning. In its entirety, it focuses on the relation between signifiers like words, phrases, signs, symbols, and what exactly they stand to express in a given sentence (Rogers, 2006). In philosophy of language, semantics helps in elaborating the meaning of a complex expression through its constituent expressions and the applicable rules used. For example, given a structure like ‘ Frankenstein is a man’, if one takes away the meaning lexical items away ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘man’, what remains back in the sentence is a an incomprehensible sentence. Therefore, semantics is a meaningful structure states that the absence of lexical items in syntactic constructions, what remains behind is for the learner to input the rules of composition. The capability to have syntactically correct structures and derive a logical meaning in a statement is what semantics entail in the principle of effective teaching of reading. Therefore, it would be logical to assert that every operation of the syntax closely associates itself with the semantics that

Imperial China 1600 to 1900 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imperial China 1600 to 1900 - Research Paper Example Therefore the imperial China from 1600-1900 is defined by about 44 years under the Ming dynasty and the rest under the Qing dynasty. The period from 1600 to 1644 marked the downfall of the Ming dynasty, which had earlier established a strong internal governance system in the country. Threats from external imperialists who partitioned and reduced the Chinese territory and devastating earthquake strained the Ming dynasty greatly and it eventually succumbed to the Qing dynasty. According to Johan, one of the most enduring remnant of the Ming dynasty is the China’s Great Wall that was strategically build to protect the country from foreign invaders(73). On ascending to power, the Qing dynasty made drastic changes in the social and political system of the country. Initially it concentrated on reviving the social economy and this required changes on previous structures that had been entrenched by the Ming dynasty. The reforms strengthened the central governance and the imperial rulings (Elman and Woodside 63). Johan notes that by the mid of 18 century China had achieved remarkable economic and scientific developments credited to prudent economic and political administration by the Qing rulers (104). China experienced a long period of peace and stability after the Qing dynasty ascended to power. This enabled expansion of Chinese society in virtually all realms. For instance, the population grew tremendously and other economic sectors developed (Susan 86). In addition, China opened its borders to international trade becoming a trading partner of several European countries, including Great Britain. China was an important source of silk, tea and porcelain (Susan 99). During Qing dynasty, the influence of Chinese art spread in the western countries and other trading partners. Moreover, China expanded its territory courtesy of a

Research on Primark Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Primark - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is quite apparent that the research approaches and methods radically influence the research content. Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. This thesis is a qualitative case study which focuses on an analysis of the HR policies prevailing in Primark. To carry out such a study in general we resort to two main approaches; Deductive reasoning; which works from the more general to the more specific subjects. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. In such approach we take up the 'theory' and then try to apply it to the hypotheses that we intend to test. Gradually we narrow down to the testing of data and observations for their applicability to the theory/ theories to arrive at a confirmation of its applicability or not. Such an approach require that we enlist the HR principles concerning effective management, motivation, customer relationship management, employees turnover etc. and then see how the ideal situation applies to Primark, by taking relevant data from the company. The Inductive approach on the other hand begins with collecting data, specific observations, which then lead to broader generalization and theories. Such an approach in called as "bottom up" approach. The patterns thus detected are formulated into tentative hypotheses and we can therefore arrive at some general conclusion about our subject. This appears to be a more practical approach, as we need to collect data from different sources and then come out with the inferences after taking a look at the things projected by data. For example if we find that most of the employees are new to the company that effectively points towards a high employees' turnover. Similarly, if most of the employees express their resentment with the way staff matters are handled by the company, that goes on to indicate about lack of proper motivational strategies in the company. However this study is undertaken with a balanced mix of both these approaches so that we get to analyze the organization as well as established theories. Data Collection Requirements For this study, we need main input from the people working for Primark, for which one method is to take the company reports. But these annual reports mainly highlight the financial aspects and do not contain much info about the employees' issues. Secondly, the company's HR records could form the basis for setting up the record structure, but the company will surely not be forthcoming with their official requirements until it is a statutory requirement. This study is purely for academic purposes, so we'll have to look for other means of collecting data. Therefore, while secondary data can be had from earlier similar studies, books and annual reports, making use of questionnaire therefore appears to be the best option for collecting Primary data. Justification of Strategy Collecting data using a questionnaire seems to be the best approach under the circumstances, because with its help we will have detailed answers to some of our curious questions. Going over to each individual and then asking him/her the questions might not be a viable option because it requires enough time on the part of the respondent as well as on the part of th

Leadership development paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership development paper - Coursework Example I am also success oriented, flexible, adaptable, trustworthy, and loyal. These strengths explain my level of success in leadership and managerial capacities. The self-assessment reports also identify low self-esteem and vulnerability to peer influence. While low self-esteem is likely to reduce my level of motivation, especially in challenging roles, vulnerability to peer influence is a threat to my leadership toward realization of set objectives. My other challenges are low ability to manage pressure and weak conflict resolution. In conflict resolution, I majorly apply accommodation and avoidance but these limit my ability to win in conflict resolutions. My leadership development goals include improving my level of self-esteem, improving my level of independence, and my conflict resolution skills. I plan to attend leadership seminars and to be mentored within the next six months. I will then conduct another self-assessment test to evaluate by score in the three areas of

Personal Philosophy (Mission Statement) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Philosophy (Mission Statement) - Essay Example Amidst all frustrations in life, optimism is essential. Everything can be achieved if we remain positive. With sufficient determination, we can climb the highest of mountains. That cannot be achieved in the absence of faith. Philosopher Henry David Thoreau once said, "If one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with success unexpected in common hours." We cannot afford to lose hope and faith. Hope and faith may only seem a simple word but they are the tower of strength in times of anxiety and despair. My spirituality remains extremely important in my life; it is the backbone of my inner self. I am basically a simple person who appreciates the goodness of life. One of the things I enjoy is watching movies. Films are both entertaining and educating. Whether captured from actual accounts or just purely fictional fragments, they depict reality and display the expanse of man's imagination. I have always been amazed at man's cleverness in producing movies. I constantly look forward to meeting new people. It gives me a sense of excitement. Perhaps it's because this is a very big world and it is probably impossible to meet all the six billion plus people inhabiting earth. I always find something interesting in the diversity of man's character. And I have proven that whatever color we may be, beyond the variety of race and culture, beneath the skin we are all the same; we are brothers and sisters. Whenever I feel exhausted from everyday routines, I go shopping. When it comes to relaxation, shopping is indeed a pleasant diversion. I also found out that until now I am fond of exploring new things. I guess that the curious little child in me never grew up. Many things capture my interest and I don't stop until I learn about them and then put them to good use. There are quite a few things I wish to change about myself. Some say that I have a little attitude and that I easily get angry. Perhaps that is because I am far from my country and that I miss my family and friends very much. Sometimes I also easily get impatient. I get annoyed when things get delayed and not done right away. Personal, Academic, and Career Goals Coming from a small family of four, it is my dream to have a large family. I intend to stay with my husband for the rest of my life and be able to provide my kids a happy life and good education. I also want to stay close with my parents and only brother. I aspire to have a 4.0 GPA and get my bachelor degree sooner than expected and start my MBA soon after. I believe that I would need all the skills I can acquire to competently manage my mother's business. I plan to make many changes and practice the theories I have learned. Strengths and Weaknesses I am happily married and have just recently given birth to a healthy baby boy. Even from the womb, he is my inspiration. He is definitely one of my treasures in this life. My son embodies the love that has flourished between me and my husband. My son provides in me the strength to desire a better future for my family. I am not a very patient person but having a child gradually remedies that. Caring for an infant requires patience and my love for my

Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Blood Brothers Essay My initial example is where Eddie is advising Mickey what to say when he asks Linda out. Eddie: Linda my loins are burning for you. Let me lay my weary head on your warm breast; Linda, I love you, I want you, the very centre of my being calls out for you! Eddies environment has obviously affected the way that he could just think of something to say which is very romantic. You could not imagine Mickey saying such things. Eddie is more confident and knows how to use his vocabulary well in order to get people to do things. When Mickey tries to, his outcome is abysmal. Mickey: Erm er, well the thing is the centre of my being cries out for erm, my knees, loins are (snaps) Linda for Christs sake will you go out with me? Linda agrees. Mickey cannot find the right words to say even if he is told what to say. Mickeys vocabulary is retarded because of his environment. His school is worse than Eddies so he tries to copy Eddie but still cannot do that. I put this under humour because I thought it was quite funny but it could also go under language as both of the boys language has been affected by their environment. My next example is when the policewoman asks Eddie what he is doing. Eddie replies Adolf Hitler. Then the policewoman asks him what his name is and he says that he is waiting for the 92 bus. For one moment I think Eddie wanted to be like Mickey and tried to be cheeky to the police officer but because of his family and environment he was unable to do that and it ended up the wrong way around. This example is like my original but the other way around. Now, I am going to discuss the way that Russell uses plot to stress the point that family and environment have an effect on peoples lives and opportunities. The whole of the story is based around two males who are separated at birth. One of the twins had been told that there was a twin brother and that he died at birth, the other had been told that he was an only child. Now they are isolated from each other their lives begin to change because of their background and environment. My first example is when Mickey and Linda are married and are looking for a house from the council. They had been waiting for approximately five years for a new house and still had not got one! When Linda was passing the Council Offices she stepped into the housing officers office and asked to speak to him. When he arrived Linda was surprised as the man was Eddie. She pleaded once again for a house to live in, and because of Eddies environment he said that all he needed to do was to make one phone call. Then Mickey and Linda would be at the top of the list and could have a house very soon. Because of Mickey and Lindas environment, they were forced to go to the council for a cheap or free house and considering Eddies status he could do this extremely quickly. My second example for plot is where Linda turns out just like Mrs Johnson, (Mickeys mum. ) In Educating Rita, another of Russells work, Rita was expected to have a baby as soon as they got married. This is just like Linda with Mickey. In their family and environment they are expected to have a baby young and to traditionally stay around the house. This reduces their opportunities in life as they do not work once they have had a baby. The man of the house, in their environment, is foreseen to do all of the work and bring all of the money in. This is exactly what happens in this story. Now, I have completed plot, I will go on to analyse the staging devises Willy Russell uses to show the effect that family and environment have on the two boys lives. There was a recent performance at a local theatre, which I went to see. I found that by going to see the acted story I found how even the way you dress, your family and your environment were involved in some way. My leading example through set is costume. I noticed Mickey was wearing clothes too big for him which have most likely been passed down through the family. Eddie is the complete opposite to Mickey in the way that he is wearing smart, new school clothes and looks very sharp in his uniform. Russell shows how even clothes have an effect on family and environment. At the play it showed the brothers in completely different houses. One at the rough end of the village and the other at the very high end of social environment. They live in different ways and houses because of their environment. Their family either reduces the opportunity to live in a high class house or improves the opportunity. There are certain changes in the acted story, the first being where Mickey helped his brother complete a crime which went wrong. People in Mickeys environment often resort to this as they need the money, but people in Eddies environment would never be constrained to doing this sort of thing as they always have money. When Mickey went to jail he had to be put on anti-depressants to help him cope with the stress and loneliness of prison. This was the final straw for Mickey because all of his life he had been pushed to the limit craving for food and money, lots of things also go wrong in Mickeys environment. When he finally reached confinement he felted that was enough. If Eddie had been placed in jail he would probably be able to cope as he has had less to put up with than Mickey but would most likely be bailed anyway! I conclude that every little detail which Willy Russell has put into his well crafted book, and performance, has something to do with family and environment. Because of his own experiences he was able to complete the task of writing this book and include very graphic details of how family and environment effects peoples everyday lives and opportunities.

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourists as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months. Since the human race existed they have been migrating, travelling all around to achieve different goals, religious purposes, sports, and other leisure activities, for better life, better facilities. In fact there can be hundred reasons for travelling. There cant be fixed and set date to determine when and where and how the first pilgrimage occurred but we can say people started travelling and moving back and forth since they were born. But if we look through the history then we see it happened in 5th and between 3rd millennia BC, when paganism was the culture and religion in the Europe. In the Christian world people have been travelling to Israel where Jesus was born and lived because they spiritually relate themselves to the holiness, and to the shrines of disciples. In the Muslim world the first pilgrimage occurred in 629-628 CE. And it was from Makkah to medina. (www.grand-tour.org) In the ancient times Hindus, Romans, Greeks have long been migrating, travelling for different reasons. So its not particularly related to any specific religion. Grand Tours: Grand Tour specifically means the travel taken by young, wealthy, privileged people for the purpose of education, enhancing their travelling experience to excel in their careers. Grand tours history dates back to the 18th century Britain when the British people and their country was the wealthiest on the face of the earth. So the wealthy people used to send their young kids on grand tours to different countries, mainly to Europe to enhance their experience to practical life and for the education related purposed as well. In Britain Thomas Coryats travel book Coryats Crudities(1611) was a great influence Grand Tour but it was the far more extensive tour through Italy as far as Naples undertaken by the Collector Earl of Arundel, together with his wife and children in 1613-14 that established the most significant precedent. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour Grand Tours was involving a period of year long, because in those times the means of travelling were so slow and because the term grand tour ventures more than one country so it used to take one year or more. As the time passed the means of travelling got so fast, challenging and more efficient the travelers went more far and far for more exotic places and countries. James Boswell was the most famous in this regard who kept all records in a journal of his travelling and other experiences during such Tour. The first Journal Grand Tour and was published in 1749 by Thomas Nugent. Regarding the professional Travel and tourism the first person to develop this idea was Thomas cook in 1850s he developed and then on he offered travel packages to all parts of the world. So this thing eventually made this effectively cheap and affordable for the middle class as well, as it was only affordable for rich people before. In 1867, Mark Twain had a European and Eastern Mediterranean Tour and sent back the dispatches to Alta California, which was a San Francisco paper. His dispatches were later published a book called The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims Progress. In 1873 at the age of 10 William Randolph Hearst took Grand Tour, travelled one and a half year with the habit of collecting. And his collections can be seen at Hearst Castle in USA. By the late 19th century, the Grand Tour had turned to be an American phenomenon because newly wealthy citizens related themselves to the heirs of the western traditions and they traced their cultural lineage from the Greece to the Roman Empire, European Renaissance. So during those times rich Americans would tour ancient cities of Mediterranean, great European cities as part of their Grand Tours. They felt so related and aspired by the Venices well-to-do merchants and traders who collected the wealth from around the world, loved the architecture. From 1960s the grand tour has taken a totally new shape all over again, students are travelling with backpacks and living in the youth hostels and travelling around. Because the means of transportation are increased to the maximum level, things are starting to slow down a little bit like the olden days, i.e. people again starting to find ships, cruises more lovely and enjoyable like olden days. (www.grand-tour.org) The Modern Tourism: The difference between modern and past tourism is that, modern tourism involves mass availability and mass participations in holidays. Modern travel involves a universal access to travel for individual in every part of the world with destination on an international scale. Modern tourism involves many different types each that in turn have had an impact on the transport means. The different types of tourism can be divided based on the tourists main interest of their trip. Tourism can involve one of the following; adventure, pleasure, sports, cultural, sports, study, incentive, research, professional and country. (www.exampleessays.com) Modern tourism is totally changed from the past because it has got vital modern tool which are high -tech and fast and they save a lot of time. So since the modern inventions have arrived such as, trains, airplanes, cruises, ships, roads, trains, they have changed the face of tourism tremendously. The whole scenarios have been changed. Travel has become cheap and within the access of everybody unlike the past where only rich and wealthy were the ones who were able to travel. Now the tourism has become faster, easier and cheaper and easier and there are more varieties in the forms of tourism then the past. Here we will discuss some of the modern historic developments that has helped modern tourism to take a whole new shape. Factors Facilitating Growth of the Travel and Tourism: The most important factors which are facilitating the travel and tourism and their growth are as follows: Sea Travel. Rail Travel. Air Travel. Sea, air and rail have been playing an important part in the growth of travel and tourism. With these factors the tremendous growth and increase in travel and tourism have become possible. Trains: In the past traveling was so slow, it was taking months and years to travel but since the invention of the trains it has become far easier and faster to move around and its one of the most enjoyable way of traveling among the tourists. The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport. Ships and Cruises: The first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various Stone Age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel. 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The earliest boats were invented by Egyptians in 3100 BC, and then in 2700 BC they invented ships for trade. (www.localhistories.org) The age of sail, technically and formally speaking, is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were both dominated by sailing ships. The age of sail mostly coincided with the age of discovery, from the 15th to the 18th century 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history The modern cruises are the most modern addition to the sea travel. The cruises have casinos, swimming pools, playing fields, dance venues or we can say the provide almost all the facilities like any high class hotel. Traveling through cruise has become posh and very fashionable and people are being drawn more towards the traveling through cruises. Air Travel The first hovercraft was launched in 1959. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962. In 1919 aero planes began carrying passengers between London and Paris. Jet passenger aircraft were introduced in 1949. However in the early 20th century flight was a luxury few people could afford. Furthermore only a small minority could afford foreign travel. Foreign holidays only became common in the 1960s. The Boeing 747, the first Jumbo jet was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994. (www.localhistories.org) Since the invention of the aero planes the humans have traveled to even those parts of the world where traveling was literally, virtually was almost impossible. Current and future Trends and Development in the travel and tourism sector. In the travel and tourism sector with the modern hi-tech technology, faster means of communications, faster means of transportations, modernized approach in every part of the travel and tourism industry from travelling to hospitality to accommodation everything has become faster and more sophisticated. And in the recent years there has been huge rise in the sector. And the future trend is going up as well. Poetry: History And Origins Of Poetry: History And Origins Of Literature is as old as history of the man itself. Over the past few decades, the role of literature in language learning teaching has been subject to variations. However, literature was excluded from language teaching programme owing to many reasons. The common among these was it structural complexity and its unique use of language. As, literature reflects cultural perspective which is difficult to conceptualize by foreign language students, therefore, it is uninteresting for them. Literature is being considered to be an integral part of any language teaching and learning programme. Language and literature are inseparable. The inclusion of literature in language teaching and learning can bring a fresh breeze into the dry and mechanical task of language learning and teaching. Inge (1970) says, Literature flourishes best when it is half trade and half an art. Literature makes language learning enjoyable because it does not only provide a genuine context for communication, but it also gives pleasure by engaging emotions. Therefore, it motivates and stimulates the language learner. Stop ford A. Brooke (1970) says, Literature is something that gives pleasure to the reader. Moreover, literature has different genres like plays, essays, short stories and poetry. The major focus is on the poetry. Before it, here is a definition on literature. Oscar Wilde (1970) says, Literature is something that is to be written not to be read. In early period, conventional blocks were linked together. According to agreed rules, we can observe much in folk song where the old method was never discontinued. Blave argues that by the end of mediaeval period, literature had been written in English for hundreds of years and it was seen that there is no existence of knowledge of previous literature and language. English appeared to be a language without a past and with a literature that was always modern. Hence words could not attract to themselves those associations linked with known literary works or linguistic origins. English words were insubstantial things which had to be given meanings by many devices such as repetition. 2.2. Poetry: Poetry grasps students attention, its format and style is different as compared to the ordinary run of literary texts. Other than this, poetry is one of the most ancient and widespread of the (literary) arts. Poetry is an important genre in English literature. In poetry, we find fantasized, imaginative world. Here are definitions: Eliot (1970) says, Poetry is the imagination that presents its subject with clarity, precision and economy of language. Sidney (1970) says, All the imaginative literature is poetry. Poems are at times better to use in the classroom because they are briefer and more compact than essays or even short stories. Coleridge (1970) says, The best words in the best order Poetry helps the readers to become more intensive reader and most jobs today still call for some close reading and clear writing. Poetry also reflects the culture of a society to a great extent. It also acts as a mirror of the changing times of a country. Taking the poetry of Pakistan for example, we can get clear picture of the changing viewpoints which are going on in Pakistan at that times. Poetry is used all around the world for teaching and learning purpose. Simple English poems are rich in suggestive, colourful and associative word and expressions which speak subtly different messages to different people. Each personal meaning found in the poem is shared, exchanged, negotiated, reinforced, valued, or loosed in the process of interacting freely, safely, funnily with others findings. There are different meanings to understand poetry. But here, the focus is only on the connotative meaning. 2.3. History / Origin of Poetry: Poetry is not very popular these days. This is an obvious fact for poets, teachers of poetry and poetry-lovers. A different kind of poetry is very much alive today in the forms of popular music lyrics and raps and in jingles but for advertisement and for political purposes. These forms are mostly kept in listeners memories due to the commercial pressures. But many of these forms clearly depend on music or on the interaction of words and music,or on the additional qualities of performance in order to succeed because the written texts may be uninteresting and may miss the special points made by the interaction of music and words in performance. In literary poetry, since the beginning of the twentieth century, practice has shifted away from audible rhythm and towards free verse. For a few decades, while the traditions of rhythm were still active in minds of readers, the free verse of Eliot Pound, Williams and H.D. and the syllabic verse of Marianne Moore could be received as experiments in new sorts of rhythm, reactions toward or against conventions of meter, defamiliarizing the real rhythms of spoken word. The notion of meter in written poetry has vanished from the public memory so there is no interest in written poetry for general readership. This shift founds in the history of western poetry towards the effacement of the bodily pleasure that is experienced in the regular, musical rhythm of meter and towards the meaningful poetry as act of communication. Anthony Easthope (1983) has described the history of this trend within the frame work of the ascendancy of bourgeois culture and of individual subjectivity. The argument of Easthope is deep and compelling and Amittai F. Auiram has been as having something of a complementary relation with it. But Easthope emphasizes the revolutionary aspects of modernism in poetry and sees poet like pound as reversing and breaking the trend towards bourgeois subjectivity, Avirain sees pounds abandonment of traditional forms, his insistance on the rhythm of each line representing the sense as only a continuation of that very trend. In short, it is attend away from poetry toward prose, narrative or exposition; away from the rhythmic pleasures of the body and towards its repression in social discourse; away from the runs subjective effect of rhythm and toward individual expression, socially constructed, as in pound, than self begins to reach the limits of its own undoing. The trend from poetry toward pro se should be seen within the context of a theory of poetry but has become especially prominent in modern times as society has shifted what toward the importance of information in its material life. Thing are not valuable for the physical adventures they offer so much a for what they mean in the most reductive sense, for example, how much they cost, what they are worth on the market. For twenty five year T.S Eliot exercised an authority in the literary world not posses by any writer before him for more than a century. Bu the end of 1920s his poetry was an escapable influence on younger poets and his criticism shaped their word and he was pared by many authors. Twenty year later, the waste land was still widely regarded as the most radical and brilliant development of modernist poetry. An important point is that one must have seen the ages of 1940s and 1950s in which Eliots literary terms and judgments were cited frequently and respectfully. Moreover, Christian ideology was unattractive to many scholars in England and the united states. Thus Eliot was seen as a central poet in the future development of poetry and no poet can compete him. Poetry Strategies: Understanding modern poetry requires an understanding of the following: (1) Free Verse Most modern poems are written in free verse. Free verse has no fixed meter and no fixed line length or stanzas. The poet decides where the line should break based on how the poem should look on the page or where a natural break occurs. (2) Literal and Symbolic meanings The literal meaning of modern poetry often reflects everyday life. They everyday scenes are full of symbolic meaning. (3) Diction Modernism is a deliberate break forms that characterized traditional poetry. Whereas traditional verse relied on formal language, modern poetry uses informal, everyday speech. Understanding of Poetry: English language includes numerous words that main virtually the same thing. Each and every word has a slightly different pattern of sound and shade of meaning that will create a certain individual effect on the reader. As a result, the reader has the power of word choice. The sound of a word can be very important to the mood you are establishing in a poem. For example, compare these two separate stanzas. The old man wrenched His sack of guts And hacked a cough The senior detected A murmur In his intestines We should be able to hear how the hard sounds of the first stanza contrast with the softer sounds of the second. The sound also have a great effect on the meaning and the melody of each live. The old man in the first stanza seems to be in a much worse state than the senior in the second stanza. The words hacked and cough echo the hard sound of the mans coughing while the words murmur and intestines in second example reduce the seniors illness to minor discomfort. Connotation: Connotations are ideas that are associated with a word. These associations go beyond the dictionary definition. The word snake for example, may be defined as a member of the reptile family but this word has many associations like someone or something that is dangerous, low down or slimy. In addition to having a connotation, some words have a symbolic significance due to past associations. For example, as a result of the Garden of Eden story, a snake is associated with evil, especially an evil tempter. In western literature and everyday usage, animals and colors have often been used as symbols, as have the reasons of year, times of day, geographic terrain, natural elements and natural and man-made objects. Connotations are the overtones of word, their vibrations good or bad. Connotation is also to denotation as the figurative is to the literal. Connotation represents the things that a person associates with a word. There are different kinds of meaning in English language. But there are two major kind of meaning to understand the poems or stanzas. These are denotative meaning and connotative meaning. Denotative meaning is a primary meaning of a word. For instance, bread is an edible made up of flour, yeast, water and so on. On the other hand, connotative meaning is a secondary meaning of a word as well as symbolic meaning of a word and cultural dimensions. Bread is a word that is used for money and it is the staff of life. It is through a piece of writing that a person discovers the intention of the writer. Tone controls how a person reads a words denotative and connotative values. Connotation refers to the feeling or images a word evokes in the reader. Students are better able to recall any vocabulary term if they can make a personal association with it. Connotation means what may be differentiated from the former as suggested, implicit or intimated meaning. The following term describes the concept of connotation/denotation that was explained by justice Windeyer in the Queen V. commonwealth Conciliation Arbitration Commission; ex parte Professional Engineers Association: In interpreting the Constitution, we must not restrict the denotation of its terms to the things they denoted in 1900. The words denotation becomes enlarged as new things falling with in its connotation comes into existence or becomes known. But the connotation or connotations of its words should remain constant in the interpretation of the constitution. Words would have borne in 1900 so we are not to give word a different meaning from any meaning. Law is to be accommodated to changing facts. It is not to be changed as language changes. The dictionary helps a lot to see a series of meaning that a word has acquire since it inception. These meanings are the words connotations. When words have several connotations, a person must rely upon its context to derive its meaning. For example, the word blue has gathered different connotations. First, blue refers to the color. There are also dress blues, a term referring to a military uniform. Blue can also mean depressed or melancholy and it also means the musical genre. The word blue also appears in the common expression blue in the face and out of the blue. So, a word blue ha quite a lot of meaning packed into it. Many other word carry a list of connotative meanings as well. A port is better able to learn as many connotative meanings as possible by using words with several meanings in his poetry. He can broaden the scope of his work and can also help the reader to reach a more diverse population. 2.7. History of Connotation: In medieval literature, there are two major sources of connotation that are native and foreign. The former refers to potential associations inherent in words due to their Germanic pagan links and the latter to the associations which learned loanwords bring in the train. Alliterative revival which led to a different vocabulary being used in each period, naÃÆ'Â ¯ve connotations for word in Middle English are difficult to detect. So to consider the possibility of native connotation it is better to take the Anglo-Saxon period. It is closer to the Germanic background in time, and it literature seems to spring from a more unified cultural tradition than that from the middle English period. We are left on individual word which may have connotations. Many of the words used in old English poetry are Germanic stock and as such they may have carried pagan heroic connotations with them. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was believed that old English poetry was essentially Germanic and heroic in spirit so the words of the poems were interpreted as though they carried pagan connotations. It was seen that pagan connotations for Anglo-Saxon words are replaced by Latin ones. It is easier to prove a Christian Latin association than a pagan heroic one, on one ride because of the nature of Latin language and on other because no pagan Germanic poetry survives. 2.8. Importance of Connotation: The words connotative meanings dont explain themselves for systematic explanation but they are generally work on particular words that surround them. E.g. Everybody knows that good is used to describe the high quality, positive, approved of or appreciated things. But it has also some additional meanings. In an utterance such a shes rally a good person, It connotes someone who is generous, kind, thoughtful, honest and reliable. When we say shes a really good student, the connotation shifts in the direction of brought, motivated, hardworking, organized, cooperative and so on. For describing good story, the word good means interesting or involving. In other words, what makes a person good is not the same set of qualities that makes a student good, or a story good. And of course, good does not mean good at all in a sarcastic tone. A good dictionary can be of some help here. It provides guidance to the teacher as well a extensive and intensive experience with texts. It is finally by seein g and hearing words in actual contexts of use and by assimilating other words. It means that learners will be able to seek their connotative meanings. And hearing is important. Knowledge of a languages sound system is really necessary in speech and is also essential in reading particularly in reading of poetry. Connotations are changing the course of history and of human knowledge. It will point out the relation between connotation and designation. It has seen that if the people behave in a way that makes for fame or infamy, the names acquire decided connotations. And if the names are used very much in contexts the emphasize this connotation than these connotations become so slandered that the proper names can become general terms. Thus the boarder line between connotation and designation is neither sharp nor static. Poetry is the best place to study word connotation. For practical purposes, we should view the advertisements (good or bad) for cruder and simpler examples. For instance, in industrial products, we should keep in mind key word in advertising slogans and note connotation. What is meant by injunction to be a Dawn Girl to have that creamy look to wear a Danto Sweet Smile to develop an English complexion? These terms may designate and it is their connotation. There are good reasons for this. May be that car, hair lotion and whiskey actually does have, not only the characteristics designated but also the characteristics connoted. For a complicated study, it is instructive to look among advertisements for terms with a scientific connotation and this term carry with them on intimation that the product is result of laboratory research or approved by a doctors. The impression that a word gives beyond its defined meaning, refers to connotation. Connotations may be universally understood or may be significant only to a certain group. Both horse and steed denotes the same animal, but steed has a different connotation that it deriving from romantic narratives in which the word was often used. 2nd example about the word home, it means that the place where one lives, but by connotation, it suggests security, family, love and comfort. Consonance occurs is poetry when words appearing at the ends of two or more verses have similar final consonant sounds but have final vowel sound that differ, as with stuff and off words and images that might be used in poems hold meanings, feelings and Connotations which might provoke different clues that people find but it does not mean that a person is exactly saying about a poem. The personal response is important in understanding the literary judgment and close analysis of text. Role of Connotation: Connotation meaning refers to the features of word and it also refers to ones reaction to it, that is its emotional content. For example, A nastier connotation has seen in the word slimy rather than a word silky. The following are described the two line of poetry, one being a denotatively equivalent but connotatively contrasting version of the other. Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness. (Ode to Autumn, Keats) Time of fog and ripe productivity (after, Wallwork, 1969) There is nothing objectively poetic about word like mists or mellow but we have a strong experience of these words. It is difficult to remember that their sweet and pleasant sound qualities are only created by social evaluation. Words can measure and represent their connotative meaning. An idea related to the denotative and connotative meaning of words is category and function shift. This heft occurs when words did not have development previously but now they are used. For example, the word paper began as a noun, it means the sheet of pressed plant fibers you write upon. Then it acquired verb capabilities for use in a sentence e.g., He will paper her mirror with love notes. Paper can also be used as an adjective, such as in the phrase paper plate. The word paper changed categories from noun to verb to adjective without changing spelling. It changed functions too because nouns, verbs and adjectives play different roles in sentences. For romantic poets, poetic meter performs a similar function like the purely formal element of poetry. It can either provide clear, denotative meaning or it can carry follow well known techniques for conveying the connotative meaning. This element follows patterns of compositional practice, convention and deliberate effect and carriers with it patterns of implicit connotation similar to those perceived in absolute music. Wordsworth most famous work on poetics, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, demonstrates not only his concerns about these contractual conditions but also his conception of their meaning. He also insisted on writing the theoretical Preface. He felt that his readers might accuse him of breaking the unspoken agreement of comprehensibility between the poet and his readers. His attempt to deflect criticism for Prosaisms, places where poetry becomes too much like prose, demonstrates this anxiety most clearly. Winters describes poetic theory, its concision, lyric but he explains that poetry is the highest linguistic expression, in addition to the denotative aspects of words emphasized in forms of writing, poetry also makes particular use of connotative ones, the two together composing the total content of language. The purpose of poetry is to describe experience as precisely as possible connotation in poetry acquires a moral dimension and to preserve clarity, connotation or feeling must be carefully controlled. Levels of brain to understand connotation: When reading a poem by a person, the brain works on several different levels: It responds to the sounds It responds to the words themselves and their connotations It responds to the emotions It responds to the learning of the world. Poetry becomes a good source of learning through this process. It helps how to read literature in general. All the other genres have elements of poetry within them. Learn how to read poetry in a good way and it is the only way to become a more accomplished reader. Emily Dickinson who claimed that reading a book of poetry (by a poet) made her feel as if they top of {her} head were taken off. Study of Meaning of Context Clues: There are many methods for findings word meaning. The method of studying word meaning which is described under this heading is by using context clues. Context refers to the words and ideas in the text surrounding a word. This text elaborates clues to the meaning of individual words. Context also helps to understand how meaning of the word is being used according to the authors point of view. Meanings of the words may be denotative and connotative. Denotative meaning is often found in dictionary definitions but connotative meaning of the words has both positive and negative effect on the word meaning. Look at the example: the words demure and Prim both have same meaning that is shy. However, Prim has negative connotation of being strict or remote. Demure has positive connotation of being sweet or innocent. It is also found that the additional meaning is part of the words contextual meaning. It appears as a result of the words correlation with others. Connotation is one of the key so the power of words. In a literary text, the most innocent looking word can achieve the most vivid connotations. One of the components of a words meaning is its emotive component. Emotive connotations are rendered by the emotional or expressive counter part of meaning. It is also very important to describe that affective connotations of a word can be within its romantic structure registered in its dictionary meaning. E.g: Fabulous, stunning, smart, terrific and the like have special emotive meaning fixed in dictionaries. E.g: Hes very rich. Hes fabulously rich. Many words hold an emotive meaning only in a definite context. In that case, we say that a word has a contextual emotive meaning. So, we can conclude that affective connotations of a word are peculiar to it either on the pragmatic or systematic level. 2.12. Role of connotation is culture and society: Different words have personal and cultural associations which can be subjective, contribute to their meaning. These additional meanings are known as connotations. We can also talk of affective, emotive, attitudinal or expressive meaning. In this example, we have seen that the word man has denotative meaning that is adult male human being but its connotations are virility, bravery and aggression. The personal and cultural aspects of the wor4d are brought in expressions like thats what I call a man! Or act like a man but the man where refers to after doing brave deed, it means that connotations of word may differ according to the society in which the people use it. For example connotation of the word police means reliability, helpfulness, friendliness and protection while some persons in a society take it as harassment, arrests, aggression, obstruction and injustice etc. it is necessary to define the terms when we translate. The people have different awareness about the political term like labour, depending on the politic of individual. Connotations are difficult to understand than denotation and much more variable and culture bound. For example snow may appear beautiful who have never seen it but the people who live in cold countries where the snow is falling. So the word snow have negative connotation according to this context. The Dog is in western society as a mans best friend but for Arabs and Hindus this animal take as a pet. For the pareses, people take dog as a sacred animal. Words may have the same denotative meaning but the connotative meaning varies from person to person. For instance, woman and lady both denote adult female human being but the word lay has connotation of good breeding and social graces that are absent from women. Some words are always positive like generous, courtesy and masterpiece but others are always negative like rubbish, dirty, thief etc. the one thing is that negative words are not obviously negative but they are marked as derogatory or disparaging in dictionaries. Some words can be both positive and negative according to context. In English, the adjective inquisitive may take as a healthy desire to learn but on the other hand, it takes as an unhealthy or annoying keenness to pry. The word respite is a Spanish word which means on one side respect and on the other hand, it means fear. Translators and language learners should know about the different connotations according to the context 2.13. Connotative meaning through language and culture: Language and culture are deeply interrelated with each other. Language is the vehicle of cultural manifestation. Some words have different motions and cultural values in different languages. That is to say, Many foreign words which appear to have an equivalent basic meaning in the learners L1 are nevertheless different because of their different connotations. (Laufer, 1990, p.582). Lado (1972) defines these words as culturally loaded words Lexical totems which have similar primary meaning but widely different connotations in two languages (p. 285). For example the word old means people are addressed so old in English but in Chinese, this word take as old + surname of surname + old. This is the difficult area of vocabulary acquisition as the tendency of the learner will to transfer the L1 connotation in to L2 (Laufer, 1990, p. 582). English and Chinese are two different languages because these two languages show two distinct culture and ideologies. Chinese culture values harmony, tradition, authority, group solidarity etc while western cultures value individualism, uniqueness, creation, adventure etc. (Jia Yuxin, 1997). Different political and social system through Chinese and western cultures have different understandings of certain political and ideological issues. Moreover, English is neither an official language nor a lingua franca in china. Chinese EFL learners find it difficult to access the cultural aspect of English. They have few chances to communicate with native speaker of English. Liu Zhong (1999) conducted the study of show that certain words have different cultural connotations in Chinese and English. Such as old, propagandas etc. they tested Chinese EFL learners to see whether their judgment on word used in a specific English context is proper or not and their studies pointed out the Chinese learners perception of whether a word is used properly with specific English contexts deviated from that of native speakers of English. 2.14. Emotional meaning of connotation: Connotations also provide emotional power to the word so much that people will fight and die for them. G.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards were the first scholars to consider the misunderstandings that result from the failure of communicators to know that their subjective reactions toward will be a product of their life experience. For example, Mellissas dog dies and she tells Trish about it. Trishs understanding of a massage depends on the feelings of him about pet and death. Mellissa who sees dogs as truly friends, may be intending to communicate her extreme grief. Trish who has never had a pet and doesnt especially care of pets in general or dogs in particular, may miss the emotional meaning that Mellissa has. For this reason, Connotations can be used effectively to increase the emotional appeal to your message. Language also serves as a bridge between human being and the word of sense data. The denotative meaning of the word snake is the perception of the sense data that makes up the sn ake. The connotative meaning of the expression Look! A Snake! is described according to the perception of Mellissa and her grandfather. This expression which they both shared, was a bridge between Mellissas perception and her grandfather. If they did not speak the same natural language then she wouldnt share the connotative meaning of the word snake. Since they do share in the conventional connotative meaning of the expression, she can cross over to he grandfathers perceptual word by using it. Words serve as connotative bridges. Mellissa and her grandfather were unsuccessful in seeking a visual perception of the snake. So words are also denotative bridges. They connect us with real things by means of understanding and processing sense data. 2.15. Connotation in semiotic modes: The term connotation is used in so many ways. John Stuart Mill described words that have different meanings but he focused on two kinds of meaning. For instance, the word white, firstly, denotes the class of white things or as snow or paper or the foam of sea. But its abstract concept has connotative meaning like whiteness, virtue etc. the most importance approach in semiotics has been that of Roland Barites, who was a key player in Paris school structuralist semiotics of the 1690s and 1970s. Barthes argued that different ways of expressing the same concept can have different meanings because the same concept can be expressed in different languages. He developed his approach to denotation and connotation not in relation to language and applied the term connotation to semiotic modes other than language. 2.16. Role of vocabulary in understating connotative meaning: Lexis lexical phrases have come to play a very important role in language teaching learning. Lexis has become more important than structures teacher have noticed that if a person does not know certain words and expression he/she will find it very difficult to express what he/she wishes to say. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using worng words not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often led to misunderstanding may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax.(Carter 1987 : 145) Taylor (1990 : 1 ) emphasized the essentiality of vocabulary knowledge. In order to live in the world, we must name it. Names are essential for the

Relation Between Nestle And The Brady Information Technology Essay

Relation Between Nestle And The Brady Information Technology Essay The passage introduces Nestle Corporations lack of standard business processes and its attempts to align its information systems and business process. It was aimed at transforming to a unified database accessible to all Nestle Worldwide employees worldwide. Though Nestle seemed to have developed ideas for developments using SAP architectures to make it as a single-minded e-business the project turned failure initially mainly because of the resistances from the employees . I believe that this was because of the incorrect application of a change management strategy .Fortunately Nestle had a chance to learn from its mistakes and revitalize their project. Learning Experiences from Cayenne Business simulation in Nestle The Cayenne Exercises in class was aimed at building project management capability and preparing us for project challenges at work .It can be related to Nestle Case analysis. Considering Nestles Case the New rollout caused problem mainly due to its change management strategy. Its to be accounted that Resistances from Employees was seen and this should be accounted that using approaches like Big Bang (i.e.: Dedicated team), Modular Approaches (i.e.: Project integration happens from One division to other) and Process Oriented approaches (i.e.: Critical Success Factors to evaluate pain areas) could have improved the process while managing implementations. (Lau, 2004) (OLeary, 2000) Lientz Rea (2004)Or nullified by appropriately communicating, counselling and training its staffs on the advantages of the new system and its business implications. The Simulation project in class and The Nestle had potential problems like team chemistry, team dynamics which had to control and hence both these project works did not receive much bbusiness value as it expected originally. One of the main factors was both failed to consider and understand the mindset of the people involved in the project. Systems before implanting change should balance needs work people, steering groups, sponsors, and mainly stake holders, as they are the key people. They must be provided with performance support systems and trainings. Davenport (2000) .else will resulted in Nestlà ©s Struggles and failure with Enterprise Systems projects. Cayenne is a valuable preparation for me to understand and improve my project management capabilities and use process oriented approaches and evaluate critical success factors (Lau, 2004) After restructuring and reengineering its information systems Nestle started yielding the business values. . Relation between Nestle and the Brady case study Brady Corporation as well depended on its information systems for its business. As per the analysis between Nestle and Brady both seemed to have faced almost similar problems i.e.: Information systems and also the adaptivenss of the organizations workforce to these systems. It was seen that Brady had been involved with several other applications which made the complexities internally and externally to the environment. Brady realized the need to move to digitalized technologies to minimize manual errors and cut operational loses . Brady revamped and re-engineered their business operations similar to Nestle by centralizing databases, by effectively using a change management strategies and implementing globally the new business information systems. One of the main factors was both failed to consider and understand the mindset of the people involved in regular use of the application. They gave counselling and training its staffs, key holders, sales, marketing and making them familiarize with their new business methodologies enabling quicker operations control. Davenport (2000) Brady and Nestle realised the need for global expansions and simultaneously keeping its customers happy by implementing process to minimize errors, standardize process and mishaps and thus converting to a customer focused organization and keeping the organizational culture Cayenne is a valuable preparation for me as I understand the need of improving project management capabilities and use process oriented approaches and evaluate critical success factors (Lau, 2004) Both these corporations according to me have never been much keen on following the standardized frame work for an IS / IT implementation to demonstrate best practices frame work and its to be noticed that mostly after a rollout major issues are noted . Using a Standardized framework like ITIL gives quality service provisions and roll out plans meeting business services request and customer demands quickly and gives direct value to business services management. Murray Mohamed (2007) In my opinion Both Nestle and Brady should be considered the use of this because ITIL follows sequences of steps to be considered before deploying an enterprise application. Murray Mohamed (2007) Figure: An ITIL enabled Structural frame work. Source: Murray Mohamed (2007) Cayenne simulation: -Reflective report on acquired key learnings Based on our learning With Mr Martin, was initially focussed on an organization which had a failed project and the steps by which I am as a project member tackles these problems to restructure my organization .We were guided initially through improving project conditions again by highlighting the key performance reassures, resources and focus members like the team, organization and the steering group members. We organized ourselves in a team of six members. The key foundations of the project to be taken accounted to six different periods The reflections from this learning exercise depicts my skills in managing existing project conditions effectively in a new business scenario and gave me lessons like to managing cost and time to take business decisions at the right time Initial focus was on resources, team work and identifying the main issues likely to be raised by the steering committee members and the scope of the project. We believed that Team work itself is an organizational strategy and we used our people constructively and effectively in gaining advantages. In a team we maintained balance, leadership and a good communication which are essential. Thompson (2010). The next in chain followed the requirements section where the consideration was on developing competence and the current standing of employees. In the design phase we learned about developments of blue prints so that we can check for alternate ways, and abide with the other process. This lesson taught me to look for several alternate ways of diagnosing business requirements .In the detailed design process we targeted the end-users and the defined work flows by which the project is governed .In the developmental phase we considered the testing phase where we tested the project friendliness and looked for fresh ideas for improving user developments . In the implementation phase is our commitment to our managers to deliver the project on time to end users and check the end user experiences. This simulation has given me some ideas of dealing with real life situations and working in pressured environments .It introduced me to key members like steering groups , stake holders who are the real key people and not only managers who worry about failed projects .I also learned in maximizing business values and do a testing phase analysis before a project is being handed over the end users .It taught me effective time management and needs for effective groups and members to bring in new ideas for a development .Cayenne Simulations were an insight to real corporate life on how a project gets into real shape and how to deal with a failed project . This simulation taught me about values like networking between other group members to get ideas quickly, so in a consulting field I will try to develop professional contacts via linked- in.com, company parties, business functions etc. All together it gave me a real life consultants experiences and I believe this learning lesson will be helpful for my consulting carer.

Socrates :: essays research papers

Socrates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates was accused of many things in the Athens market. Socrates was accused of being a man who makes the worse argument into the stronger argument. A man who knows about the heavens and earth and therefore any one who believe this must not believe in the gods. Socrates was accused of being an atheist. Most of the people that followed him around his quest were inquisitive. Where as most adults would walk by Socrates with his â€Å"annoying question† the youth stopped to see what he had to say. The youth became his followers when he went out to ask questions that undermined society. Therefore, Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth. I do not believe that Socrates was guilty. For the fact that he was not responsible for the way, other people used what he said. Socrates is the seeker of self-knowledge. He poses the question, â€Å"how can I know about the world if I do not know who I’m†. Then the society says, â€Å"know thyself†. These two sayings sound alike but society has something else in mind, know thyself means that you must know your place in society. Socrates wanted people to find out who they were by themselves and not let society tell them who they were. You have to know how you think and act in certain situation to know yourself. Knowing yourself in a sense helps you in fact know the world. Socrates might have believed it takes time to know yourself rather than just saying you know who you are. Therefore, Socrates went out to find an answer to the question â€Å"What is X?† Socrates asks the question what is piety to man named Euthyphro. Socrates is looking for the universal meaning of what piety is. Euthyphro thought he knew the answer but no such answer was found for that question. Thus in many effo rts like these to find answers to similar question Socrates, began to be disliked by many. In this process, he was undermining society's laws of what was to be true. Socrates wanted people to unlearn what they were previously taught. In the process, he obtains many followers mostly the youth. One man be himself can not corrupt the youth. Socrates did not corrupt the youth. He was just a man searching for the answer to the question of who he was. People decided, of there own free will that they would come and listen to his conversation.